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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Exoskeletal Structures > Flashcards

Exoskeletal Structures Flashcards

1
Q

derived from dermis and are therefore mesoderm in origin

A

scales of sihes

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2
Q

the dermal embedded, flat, bony base of the scale

A

basal plate or root

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3
Q

shiny curved dermal outgrowth directed caudad and erupts from the epidermis

A

spine

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4
Q

Consist of dentine that is covered with a hard layer of virodentine (both are mesodermal origin)

A

spine

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5
Q

spine consists of what

A

dentine

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6
Q

what covers dentine

A

virodentine

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7
Q

cavity found at the center of the basal plate and spine

A

pulp cavity

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8
Q

scales found in cartilaginous fishes

A

placoid scales

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9
Q

a fish of a large group that comprises all ray-finned fishes apart from the primitive bichirs, sturgeons, paddlefishes, freshwater garfishes, and bowfins.

A

teleost fishes

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10
Q

lobe-finned fish

A

sacopterygii

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11
Q

ray-finned fish

A

actinopterygii

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12
Q

label the different scales

A

grade yourself accordingly

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13
Q

roughly circular, fluted, thin, and flexible scale

A

cycloid

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14
Q

scale that is made up of concentric ridges

A

cycloid scales

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15
Q

Expected free half is smooth and cleft

A

cycloid scales

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16
Q

Embedded portion of the scale constitutes the other half if fluted

A

cycloid scales

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17
Q

also thin with ridges, but the basal embedded portion is scalloped

A

ctenoid scale

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18
Q

Free edge hears numerous comb-like or tooth-like
projections called ctenidia or
teeth

A

ctenoid scale

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19
Q

tooth-like projections in ctenoid scale

A

ctenidia

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20
Q

Both ____ and _____ scaleconsist of a thin layer of cellular lamellar bone

A

cycloid
ctenoid

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21
Q

scale is rhomboidal in shaped and covered by a hard, shiny, translucent material

A

ganoid scale

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22
Q

ganoid scale is covered by a hard, shiny, translucent material called what

A

ganoin

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23
Q

ganoid scale is what in origin

A

mesodermal

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24
Q

Edges are darkly stained due to the presence of ganoin

A

ganoid scale

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25
a thickened bony plate on a turtle's shell or on the back of a crocodile
scite
26
– mark the boundaries of the large, thin horny, epidermal scutes of the surface of the carapace
grooves
27
label the scutes in the dorsal side of the carapace
grade yourself accordingly
28
median row of five scutes
central scutes
29
circular row of 25 scutes consisting of nuchal scute
costal scute
30
an anterior smaller, median unpaired scutes
nuchal scute
31
two median posterior scute
supracaudal scute
32
can be removed from the carapace but its boundaries are not the same as that of underlying plates
scutes
33
scute is what in origin ____
epidermal
34
since scutes are epidermal in origin, where is it originate in embryonic origin
ectodermal
35
label the ventral side of the carapace
grade yourself accordingly
36
continuation or extension of marginal scutes covering the margin of the underside of the carapace
inframarginal scute
37
made up of heavy bony plates, which are dermal and mesodermal in origin (which side of carapace)
ventral side
38
plates are fused to the vertebrae or ribs and are bounded by what
jagged sutures
39
made up of bony dermal plates covered by horny epidermal scutes bounded by sutures (what side of plastron)
dorsal
40
label the ventral and dorsal side of plastron
grade yourself accordingly
41
most anterior small of plates
epiplastra
42
unpaired median plate posterior to the epiplastra and provided with a posteriorly projecting point
entoplastron
43
pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the entoplastron
hyoplastra
44
pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the hyoplastra
hypoplastra
45
pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the hypoplastra
xiphiplastra
46
the most anterior and smallest par of scutes
gular scutes
47
label the ventral side of the plastron
grade yourself accordingly
48
label the scales on the snake
grade yourself accordingly
49
this has epidermal scales
snake scales
50
central and unpaired scale in snake
frontal plate
51
two large plates posterior to the frontal in the snake
parietals
52
paired plates, somewhat oblongated and situated between the frontal plates and eyes of the snake
supraorbitals
53
paired plates anterior to the frontal scale of the snake
prefrontals
54
paired, anterior to the prefrontals and between the nasals of the snake
internasals
55
in some species, this is separated by a small median plate known as azygos
internasals
56
small median plate that separates internasals
azygos
57
unpaired plate, covering the extremity of the snout
rostral
58
plates surrounding the paired nostrils
nasals
59
small plates surrounding each eye, the number depends on the kind of species
orbitals
60
situated on the edge of the upper and lower lips, respectively
superior and inferior labials
61
situated posterior to the orbitals and above the superior labials
temporals
62
entirely covered with epidermal scales
body and tail of the snake
63
scale of the ventral surface are short and wide slightly overlapping
gastrosteges
64
two rows, more or less united, scale on the underside of the tail of a snake
urostege
65
last gastrostegite in a snake
anal plate
66
part of birds covered with epidermal scales and provided with claws
hindlimb
67
mouth of the bird is modified to this
horny beaks
68
where feathers are found in these areas of skin
pterylae
69
featherless areas found in between in chickens
apterylae
70
three general types of feathers
filoplume/hair feather plumule/down feather contour feather
71
fine hair that can only be seen in the young and plucked bird
filoplume or hair feather
72
long slender shaft that is embedded in the skin and surrounded at its base by the feather follicle or root
main axis
73
soft rays that are borne at the distal end of the main axis, provided with side rays (barbules), without hooklets
terminal barbs
74
fluffy covering found in the young birds between the bases of the contour feather in adult birds
plumule or down feather
75
basal short hollow stem, which is embedded into the integument
quill or calamus
76
numerous soft rays that arise in a circle from the free end of the quill
barbs
77
minute of tiny side rays arising from each side of the barbs
barbule
78
covers and gives an outline to the body. Arises from the feather tracts or pterylae
contour feather
79
feather used for flying
flight feather
80
the central axis which bears on each side a web-like, flat expansion called the vane.
quill
81
the lower bare and hollow part of the quill.
calamus
82
the opening on the proximal end of the quill and is inserted into the feather follicle
inferior umbilicus
83
a ventral opening at the beginning of the vane and serves as a point where the afterfeather, a less-developed tuft of accessory feather arises.
superior umbilicus
84
solid part of the quill that supports the vane
shaft/rachis
85
expanded portion of the quill which is divided into:
vane
86
narrower side of the feather
outer vane
87
wider side of the feather.
inner vane
88
parallel, obliquely placed rays that adhere to each other and arise from the rachis.
barbs
89
- side rays originating from each side of the barb.
barbules
90
tiny hooks situated on the lower part of each distal barbules, resulting in the barbs being hooked together
hooklets
91
a median ventral groove that extends from the superior umbilicus to the tip of the rachis
umbilical groove
92
primarily used to cover the body, covers the bases of flight feathers
covert feather
93
body of mammals is almost entirely covered with this
hair
94
exposed part of the hair
shaft
95
embedded part of the hair
root
96
forms the surface layer of the hair
cuticle
97
median innermost layer of the hair, often absent, especially in smaller hair
medulla
98
between the cuticle and medulla
cortex
99
label the diagrams
grade yourself accordingly

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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