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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Exoskeletal Structures > Flashcards

Exoskeletal Structures Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

derived from dermis and are therefore mesoderm in origin

A

scales of sihes

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2
Q

the dermal embedded, flat, bony base of the scale

A

basal plate or root

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3
Q

shiny curved dermal outgrowth directed caudad and erupts from the epidermis

A

spine

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4
Q

Consist of dentine that is covered with a hard layer of virodentine (both are mesodermal origin)

A

spine

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5
Q

spine consists of what

A

dentine

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6
Q

what covers dentine

A

virodentine

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7
Q

cavity found at the center of the basal plate and spine

A

pulp cavity

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8
Q

scales found in cartilaginous fishes

A

placoid scales

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9
Q

a fish of a large group that comprises all ray-finned fishes apart from the primitive bichirs, sturgeons, paddlefishes, freshwater garfishes, and bowfins.

A

teleost fishes

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10
Q

lobe-finned fish

A

sacopterygii

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11
Q

ray-finned fish

A

actinopterygii

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12
Q

label the different scales

A

grade yourself accordingly

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13
Q

roughly circular, fluted, thin, and flexible scale

A

cycloid

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14
Q

scale that is made up of concentric ridges

A

cycloid scales

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15
Q

Expected free half is smooth and cleft

A

cycloid scales

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16
Q

Embedded portion of the scale constitutes the other half if fluted

A

cycloid scales

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17
Q

also thin with ridges, but the basal embedded portion is scalloped

A

ctenoid scale

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18
Q

Free edge hears numerous comb-like or tooth-like
projections called ctenidia or
teeth

A

ctenoid scale

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19
Q

tooth-like projections in ctenoid scale

A

ctenidia

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20
Q

Both ____ and _____ scaleconsist of a thin layer of cellular lamellar bone

A

cycloid
ctenoid

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21
Q

scale is rhomboidal in shaped and covered by a hard, shiny, translucent material

A

ganoid scale

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22
Q

ganoid scale is covered by a hard, shiny, translucent material called what

A

ganoin

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23
Q

ganoid scale is what in origin

A

mesodermal

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24
Q

Edges are darkly stained due to the presence of ganoin

A

ganoid scale

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25
Q

athickenedbonyplate on a turtle’s shell or on the back of acrocodile

A

scite

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26
Q

– mark the boundaries of the large, thin horny, epidermal scutes of the surface of the carapace

A

grooves

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27
Q

label the scutes in the dorsal side of the carapace

A

grade yourself accordingly

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28
Q

median row of five scutes

A

central scutes

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29
Q

circular row of 25 scutes consisting of nuchal scute

A

costal scute

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30
Q

an anterior smaller, median unpaired scutes

A

nuchal scute

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31
Q

two median posterior scute

A

supracaudal scute

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32
Q

can be removed from the carapace but its boundaries are not the same as that of underlying plates

A

scutes

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33
Q

scute is what in origin ____

A

epidermal

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34
Q

since scutes are epidermal in origin, where is it originate in embryonic origin

A

ectodermal

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35
Q

label the ventral side of the carapace

A

grade yourself accordingly

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36
Q

continuation or extension of marginal scutes covering the margin of the underside of the carapace

A

inframarginal scute

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37
Q

made up of heavy bony plates, which are dermal and mesodermal in origin (which side of carapace)

A

ventral side

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38
Q

plates are fused to the vertebrae or ribs and are bounded by what

A

jagged sutures

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39
Q

made up of bony dermal plates covered by horny epidermal scutes bounded by sutures (what side of plastron)

A

dorsal

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40
Q

label the ventral and dorsal side of plastron

A

grade yourself accordingly

41
Q

most anterior small of plates

A

epiplastra

42
Q

unpaired median plate posterior to the epiplastra and provided with a posteriorly projecting point

A

entoplastron

43
Q

pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the entoplastron

A

hyoplastra

44
Q

pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the hyoplastra

A

hypoplastra

45
Q

pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the hypoplastra

A

xiphiplastra

46
Q

the most anterior and smallest par of scutes

A

gular scutes

47
Q

label the ventral side of the plastron

A

grade yourself accordingly

48
Q

label the scales on the snake

A

grade yourself accordingly

49
Q

this has epidermal scales

A

snake scales

50
Q

central and unpaired scale in snake

A

frontal plate

51
Q

two large plates posterior to the frontal in the snake

A

parietals

52
Q

paired plates, somewhat oblongated and situated between the frontal plates and eyes of the snake

A

supraorbitals

53
Q

paired plates anterior to the frontal scale of the snake

A

prefrontals

54
Q

paired, anterior to the prefrontals and between the nasals of the snake

A

internasals

55
Q

in some species, this is separated by a small median plate known as
azygos

A

internasals

56
Q

small median plate that separates internasals

A

azygos

57
Q

unpaired plate, covering the extremity of the snout

A

rostral

58
Q

plates surrounding the paired nostrils

A

nasals

59
Q

small plates surrounding each eye, the number depends on the kind of species

A

orbitals

60
Q

situated on the edge of the upper and lower lips, respectively

A

superior and inferior labials

61
Q

situated posterior to the orbitals and above the superior labials

A

temporals

62
Q

entirely covered with epidermal scales

A

body and tail of the snake

63
Q

scale of the ventral surface are short and wide slightly overlapping

A

gastrosteges

64
Q

two rows, more or less united, scale on the underside of the tail of a snake

A

urostege

65
Q

last gastrostegite in a snake

A

anal plate

66
Q

part of birds covered with epidermal scales and provided with claws

A

hindlimb

67
Q

mouth of the bird is modified to this

A

horny beaks

68
Q

where feathers are found in these areas of skin

A

pterylae

69
Q

featherless areas found in between in chickens

A

apterylae

70
Q

three general types of feathers

A

filoplume/hair feather
plumule/down feather
contour feather

71
Q

fine hair that can only be seen in the young and plucked bird

A

filoplume or hair feather

72
Q

long slender shaft that is embedded in the skin and surrounded at its
base by the feather follicle or root

A

main axis

73
Q

soft rays that are borne at the distal end of the main axis, provided with side rays (barbules), without hooklets

A

terminal barbs

74
Q

fluffy covering found in the young birds between the bases of the contour feather in adult birds

A

plumule or down feather

75
Q

basal short hollow stem, which is embedded into the integument

A

quill or calamus

76
Q

numerous soft rays that arise in a circle from the free end of the quill

A

barbs

77
Q

minute of tiny side rays arising from each side of the barbs

A

barbule

78
Q

covers and gives an outline to the body. Arises from the feather tracts or pterylae

A

contour feather

79
Q

feather used for flying

A

flight feather

80
Q

the central axis which bears on each side a web-like, flat expansion called the vane.

A

quill

81
Q

the lower bare and hollow part of the quill.

A

calamus

82
Q

the opening on the proximal end of the quill and is inserted into the feather follicle

A

inferior umbilicus

83
Q

a ventral opening at the beginning of the vane and serves as a point where the afterfeather, a less-developed tuft of accessory feather arises.

A

superior umbilicus

84
Q

solid part of the quill that supports the vane

A

shaft/rachis

85
Q

expanded portion of the quill which is divided into:

A

vane

86
Q

narrower side of the feather

A

outer vane

87
Q

wider side of the feather.

A

inner vane

88
Q

parallel, obliquely placed rays that adhere to each other and arise from the rachis.

A

barbs

89
Q
  • side rays originating from each side of the barb.
A

barbules

90
Q

tiny hooks situated on the lower part of each distal barbules, resulting in the barbs being hooked together

A

hooklets

91
Q

a median ventral groove that extends from the superior umbilicus to the tip of the rachis

A

umbilical groove

92
Q

primarily used to cover the body, covers the bases of flight feathers

A

covert feather

93
Q

body of mammals is almost entirely covered with this

A

hair

94
Q

exposed part of the hair

A

shaft

95
Q

embedded part of the hair

A

root

96
Q

forms the surface layer of the hair

A

cuticle

97
Q

median innermost layer of the hair, often absent, especially in smaller hair

A

medulla

98
Q

between the cuticle and medulla

A

cortex

99
Q

label the diagrams

A

grade yourself accordingly

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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