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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

food particles are broken down into smaller components which will later be absorbed by the body

A

digestion

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2
Q

Vertebrate digestive systems (4)

A

monogastric
avian
ruminants
pseudo-ruminants

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3
Q

have evolved more complex digestive systems to adapt to their dietary needs

A

vertebrates

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4
Q

have developed a digestive system to eating un-masticated (un-chewed) food

A

birds

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5
Q

as the word suggest, the digestive system consist of one stomach chamber

A

monogastric

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6
Q

Examples are humans (digestive system)

A

monogastric

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7
Q

where process of digestion starts and the intake of food

A

mouth

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8
Q

play an important role in masticating or physically breaking down food into smaller particles

A

teeth

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9
Q

in this, there’s enzymes present to chemically break down food

A

saliva

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10
Q

long tube that connect the mouth to the stomach

A

esophagus

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11
Q

has an extremely acidic environment (pH 1.5 – 2.5)

A

stomach

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12
Q

includes enzymes in the stomach, act on food particles and continue the process of digestion

A

gastric juices

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13
Q

where enzymes from the liver, small intestine, and pancreas continue the process of digestion

A

small intestines

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14
Q

are absorbed across the epithelial cells lining the walls of the small intestines

A

nutrients

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15
Q

absorbs moisture from the waste material to make it drier and is compacted into feces that are stored until excreted through the rectum

A

large intestine

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16
Q

they face special challenges when it comes to obtaining nutrition from food since they do not have teeth

A

aves

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17
Q

Have to process unmasticated food

A

aves (birds)

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18
Q

part of the bird that tells their diet, ranging from seeds and insects to fruits and nuts

A

beak

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19
Q

this ability of birds makes their metabolic rates high in order to efficiently process food while keeping their body weight low

A

flying

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20
Q

Two chambers of the stomach of birds

A

proventriculus
gizzard

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21
Q

where gastric juices are produced to digest the food before it enters the stomach in birds

A

proventriculus

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22
Q

where food is stored, soaked and mechanically ground

A

gizzard

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23
Q

undigested material forms this that are sometimes regurgitated in birds

A

food pellets

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24
Q

where most of the chemical digestion and absorption happens in birds

A

intestine

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25
Q

exit of waste in birds

A

cloaca

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26
Q

secreted from the kidneys is secreted into the large intestine and combined with waste from the digestive process in birds

A

uric acid

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27
Q

pouch which stores food in the avian esophagus

A

crop

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28
Q

first of two stomachs in birds

A

proventriculus

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29
Q

second stomach of birds

A

gizzard

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30
Q

some birds swallow this, which are stored in the gizzard, to aid the grinding process

A

stones or grit

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31
Q

mainly herbivores, such as cows, sheep, and goats, whose entire diet consist of eating large amounts of roughage or fiber

A

ruminants

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32
Q

Have evolved digestive system to help them process vast amount of cellulose

A

ruminants

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33
Q

They do not have upper incisor teeth, instead, they use their lower teeth, tongue, and lips to tear and chew their food

A

ruminants

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34
Q

Four compartments of a ruminant’s stomach

A

rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum

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35
Q

chambers of a ruminant’s stomach may contain these to break down cellulose and ferment ingested food

A

microbes

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36
Q

true stomach, is the equivalent of the monogastric stomach chamber, where gastric juices are secreted

A

abomasum

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37
Q

provides larger space and the microbial support necessary to digest plant material in ruminants

A

four compartment gastric chamber

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38
Q

produces large amounts of gas in the stomach chamber, which must be eliminated

A

fermentation

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39
Q

part of the four-chambered stomach where they contain prokaryotes and protist that are able to digest cellulose fiber

A

rumen and reticulum

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40
Q

regurgitates cud from the reticulum, chews it, and swallows it into the third stomach – the omasum

A

ruminant

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41
Q

part of the four-chambered stomach where water is removed

A

omasum

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42
Q

part of the four-chambered stomach where the cud is digestive by enzymes produced by the ruminant

A

abomasum

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43
Q

include camels and alpacas

A

pseudo-ruminants

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44
Q

➢Eat a lot of plant material and roughage
➢Have three-chambered stomach
➢Do not have rumen, but have an omasum, abomasum, and reticulum
➢Cecum is large

A

pseudo-ruminants

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45
Q

Pouched organ at the beginning of the large intestine containing many microorganism that are necessary for the digestion of plant materials

A

cecum

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46
Q

Site where roughage is fermented is digested in pseudo-ruminants

A

cecum

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47
Q

polymeric sugar molecule that is present in plant cell walls

A

cellulose

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48
Q

main functions of the digestive system

A

➢receive ingested food
➢temporary food storage
➢mechanical and chemical breakdown into nutrients
➢absorption of nutrients and water
➢elimination of undigested food and excretory wastes/ by-products

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49
Q

made up of organs that food and liquids travel through when they are swallowed, digested, absorbed, and leave the body as feces

A

digestive tract

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50
Q

include the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

A

digestive tract

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51
Q

the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it.

A

ingestion

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52
Q

the process of mechanically and enzymatically breaking down food into substances for absorption into the bloodstream

A

digestion

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53
Q

the process or action by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by another.

A

absorption

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54
Q

the act or process of discharging undigested or waste material from a cell or organism

A

egestion

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55
Q

have a role in digestive activities and are considered accessory organs

A

accessory digestive structures

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56
Q

Include the tongue, teeth, oral glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

A

accesory digestive structures

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57
Q

Differences in the anatomy of vertebrate digestive tracts is often correlated with the

A

nature of food
abundance of food

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58
Q

Nature of food might be

A

readily absorbed
requiring extensive enzymatic activity

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59
Q

abundance of food might be (2)

A

constant food supply
scattered supply

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60
Q

Embryonic digestive tract of vertebrates consist of three regions (3)

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

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61
Q

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine

which part (foregut, midgut, hindgut)?

A

foregut

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62
Q

contains yolk or attached yolk sac

which part (foregut, midgut, hindgut)?

A

midgut

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63
Q

large intestine and cloaca

which part (foregut, midgut, hindgut)?

A

hindgut

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64
Q

embryonic structure that become the lining of the adult digestive tract and all of its derivatives

A

archenteron

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65
Q

adds layers of connective tissue and smooth muscles around the archenteron

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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66
Q

ectodermal invagination forms this, leading into the oral cavity

A

stomadeum

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67
Q

Becomes the adult buccal cavity and gives rise to teeth enamel, epithelial covering of the tongue, glands, e.g. mucous, poision and salivary, etc., and Rathke’s pouch of anterior pituitary gland

A

stomadaeum

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68
Q

similar mid-ventral ectodermal invagination, leading into the hindgut

A

proctodaeum

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69
Q

Forms either a small terminal part of the cloaca in lower vertebrates and rectum in mammals

A

proctodaeum

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70
Q

reveals general dietary habits of the vertebrates

A

gastrointestinal tract

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71
Q

There is rapid intake of foods but slower digestion

A

gastrointestinal tract

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72
Q

Infrequent and fast feeding and drinking behaviors -> food and water must be temporarily stored

t/f?

A

true

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73
Q

principal storage organ

A

stomach

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74
Q

Slow digestion > enough absorption > storage capacity of the entire tube is decreased

t/f

A

false

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75
Q

essential process to release the nutrients from indigestible components and to increase the contact between the food and digestive juices

A

food reduction

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76
Q

technical term for chewing

A

mastication

77
Q

technical term for swallowing

A

deglutition

78
Q

Chewing ; Rasping ; Grinding / Oral teeth ; pharyngeal teeth, accessory glands

which group of animals

A

fishes

79
Q

Moistening ; softening ; dissolving of food by GI fluids / mouth, stomach, intestines, accessory glands (liver: fat emulsification)

which group of animals

A

amphibians

80
Q

Churning and mixing by peristalsis, intestinal segmentation / mouth, stomach, gizzard

what group of animals

A

reptiles

81
Q

Grinding ; churning and mixing, intestinal segmentation / gizzard, stomach, intestines, accessory glands

what group of animals

A

birds

82
Q

Mastication, moistening and softening, deglutition, peristalsis (esophagus and stomach segmentation), intestinal haustrations, mouth, stomach, intestines, accessory glands

what group of animals

A

mammals

83
Q

type of digestion that starts in the stomach and small intestine and involves accessory glands (liver, pancreas)

A

chemical digestion

84
Q

in some species of this, the cloaca is absent; intestines and urogenital tracts have separate exit portals

A

fishes and mammals

85
Q

happens in the small intestine, folds in the lining of the gut, microscopic villi on the lining of the tube, and smaller microvilli portions of the tube

A

absorption

86
Q

Esophagus > stomach (wide fundus, narrow pylorus) > intestine (spiral valve) > rectum/cloaca

which group of animals

A

fish

87
Q

Esophagus (short) > stomach > small intestines (duodenum > ileum) > large intestine (short) > urinary bladder > cloaca

which group of animals

A

amphibians

88
Q

specialized alimentary canal in reptiles due to the presence of gizzard

A

crocodiles

89
Q

Esophagus > stomach (gizzard) > small intestine > large intestine > cloaca (2 regions

which group of animals

A

esophagus

90
Q

collects fecal matter from the colon in reptiles

A

coprodeum

91
Q

middle part of the cloaca and the ureteric opening in the dorsolateral wall above the papilla of the deferent duct/oviduct opening in reptiles

A

urodeum

92
Q

Esophagus > crop > stomach regions (proventriculus > gizzard) > small intestines (2 regions) > large intestine (short) > cloaca

which group of animals

A

aves

93
Q

mammals that have specialized alimentary canal because they need to digest cellulose

A

ruminants

94
Q

Esophagus > rumen > stomach regions (reticulum > omasum > abomasum) > small intestine > cecum > large intestine > rectum > anus

which group of animals

A

mammals

95
Q

lump of food in the mouth that is mechanically broken down by chewing or mastication

A

bolus

96
Q

pulpy mass of fluid pushed in intestines which increases in surface area for chemical digestion by enzymes

A

chyme

97
Q

wave of contraction produced by encircling muscles of the walls of GIT

A

peristalsis

98
Q

Constricts the food in the lumen and forcing it from 1 section of the GI tract to the next

A

peristalsis

99
Q

begins at the mouth and ends at the pharynx

A

oral cavity

100
Q

have very short oral cavity, while tetrapod’s typically have longer oral cavities

A

fish

101
Q

their mouth is specialized to serve as a suckling and masticatory organ (with muscular cheeks)

A

mammalian mouth

102
Q

roof of the oral cavity

A

palate

103
Q

– internal nares lead into the oral cavity anteriorly

A

primary palate

104
Q

nasal passages are located above the secondary palate and open at the oral cavity

A

secondary palate

105
Q

air is drawn into buccal cavity from outside and lungs, buccal cavity expands

A

inspiration

106
Q

buccal cavity contracts, air is forced out of the nostrils, air is forced into lungs

A

expiration

107
Q

derivations of dermal armor

A

teeth

108
Q

Vary among vertebrates in number, distribution in the oral cavity, degree of permanence, mode of attachment, and shape

A

teeth

109
Q

show gradual transition to teeth at the edge of the jaw

what type of scale

A

placoid scales

110
Q

composition of teeth

A

dentin and enamel

111
Q

surrounds the dentin in teeth

A

enamel

112
Q

include agnathans, sturgeons, some toads, turtles, birds, and baleen whales

A

toothless vertebrates

113
Q

teeth are numerous and widely distributed in the oral cavity and pharynx

A

fishes

114
Q

teeth widely distributed on the palate

A

early tetrapods

114
Q

still have teeth on the vomer, palatine, and pterygoid bones

A

most amphibians and some reptiles

115
Q

teeth are limited to the ___ in crocodilians, toothed birds, and mammals

A

jaws

116
Q

other than mammals, their teeth are shaped the same (_____ dentition)

A

homodont

117
Q

mammalian teeth exhibit morphological variation: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars (_____ dentition)

A

heterodont

118
Q

teeth for cutting

A

incisors

119
Q

teeth for piercing and tearing

A

canines

120
Q

teeth for macerating

A

premolars and molars

121
Q

muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing

A

tongue

122
Q

has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system

A

tongue

123
Q

tongue is largely immobilized in the floor of the oral cavity and cannot be extended

a. turtles, crocodilians, some birds, and whales
b. snakes, insectivorous lizards, and amphibians, and some birds
c. mammals

A

A

124
Q

tongue sometimes long and may move in and out of the oral cavity

a. turtles, crocodilians, some birds, and whales
b. snakes, insectivorous lizards, and amphibians, and some birds
c. mammals

A

B

125
Q

tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity (via the frenulum) but can still be extended out of the oral cavity

a. turtles, crocodilians, some birds, and whales
b. snakes, insectivorous lizards, and amphibians, and some birds
c. mammals

A

C

126
Q

function of vertebrates tongue

A

➢capturing and gathering food taste
➢Manipulate fluid sand solids in oral cavity
➢Swallowing
➢Thermoregulation
➢Grooming
➢Human speech

127
Q

secrete a variety of substances including saliva, poison, and anti-coagulant

A

oral glands

128
Q

part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and larynx – the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs

A

pharynx

129
Q

Part of the digestive tract exhibiting pharyngeal pouches (at least in the embryo) that may give rise to slits

A

pharynx

130
Q

in them, the pharynx is the respiratory organ

A

fish

131
Q

in them, the pharynx is part of the foregut proceeding the esophagus and includes

A

tetrapods

132
Q

slit leading into the larynx

A

glottis

133
Q

in the pharynx, it containts (3)

A

glottis
opening of auditory
opening into esophagus

134
Q

in them, an epiglottis is positioned over the glottis so that when this animal swallows, the
larynxis drawn forward against the epiglottis and the epiglottis blocks the glottis (which prevents food or liquids from entering the trachea)

A

mammals

135
Q

distensible muscular tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach

A

esophagus

136
Q

the esophagus may have diverticulum called the ___ in birds

A

crop

137
Q

muscular chambers at the end of the esophagus

A

stomach

138
Q

serves as storage and macerating site for ingested solids and secretes digestive enzymes

A

stomach

139
Q

vertebrate stomach that is weakly developed; similar to esophagus

A

cyclostomes

140
Q

vertebrate stomach that has increasing specialization (more differentiated from the esophagus)

A

fish, amphibians, and reptiles

141
Q

proventriculus (glandular stomach) and ventriculus (muscular stomach, or gizzard)

group of animals

A

birds

142
Q

they have well-developed stomachs; ruminants have multi-chambered stomachs

A

mammals

143
Q

main fermentation vat where billions of microorganisms attack and breakdown the relatively indigestible feed components of the ruminant’s diet

A

rumen

144
Q

true stomach and the only site on the digestive tract that produces gastric juices (HCl and the enzymes, pepsin, and rennin)

A

abomasum

145
Q

important site for digestion and absorption

A

intestine

146
Q

differentiated into varying degrees into small and large intestines

A

intestine

147
Q

have relatively short intestine
‘
group of animals

A

fishes

148
Q

the intestine of cartilaginous fishes have these

A

spiral valve

149
Q

their intestines differentiated into coiled small intestine and short, straight large
intestine

A

amphibians

150
Q

coiled small intestine and relatively short large intestine (that empties into the cloca)

A

reptiles and birds

151
Q

small intestine long and coiled and differentiated into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine is often relatively long (but not as long as the small intestine)

A

mammals

152
Q

present in the junction of small and large intestine in herbivores

A

cecum

153
Q

is a process that converts ingested feed into energy sources for the host

A

rumen fermentation

154
Q

provides nutrients and energy for the growth and division of the microbial populations participating in this process

A

fermentation

155
Q

produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder

A

liver

156
Q

cyclostomes, most birds, and some mammals, including cervids (deer)

do they have gall bladder?

A

no

157
Q

secretes pancreatic juice into the intestine

A

pancreas

158
Q

to neutralize acids coming from the stomach

A

bicarbonate solution

159
Q

to help digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

A

enzymes

160
Q

to help digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

A

ceca

161
Q

chamber at the end of the digestive tract that receives the intestine, and urinary and genital ducts, and opens to the exterior via the vent

A

cloaca

162
Q

shallow or non-existent in lampreys, ray-finned fishes, and mammals (except monotremes)

A

cloaca

163
Q

if this is not present, the intestine opens directly to the exterior via the anus

A

cloaca

164
Q

pyloric and duodenal ceca are common in these (teleost), these are primary areas for digestion and absorption (not fermentation chambers)

A

fiashes

165
Q

ceca are present in some of these; may contain bacteria that aid in the digestion of cellulose

A

tetrapods

166
Q

stores food but no digestion in birds

A

crops

167
Q

provides chemical digestion (enzymes) in birds

A

proventriculus

168
Q

provides mechanical digestion (grinding) in birds

A

gizzard

169
Q

provides enzymes for emulsifying fats

A

livers

170
Q

provides majority of enzymes for chemical digestion

A

pancreas

171
Q

primary location for final digestion and
most absorption

A

stomach

172
Q

some digestion of fiber (symbiotic bacteria) in birds

A

ceca

173
Q

largest stomach, contains prokaryotes and protist to ferment and digest cellulose fiber (chemical)

A

rumen

174
Q

similar to rumen but can contract to regurgitate contents to mouth for further mechanical digestion

A

reticulum

175
Q

receives cud from mouth and removes water and absorbs minerals, other functions not well understood

A

omasum

176
Q

similar to nonruminant stomach, contains enzymes specifically for protein digestion

A

abomasum

177
Q

perform same function in other vertebrates

A

liver pancreas, small, large intestine

178
Q

exclusive for feces

A

anus

179
Q

do ruminants have cecum?

A

no

180
Q

*complete
*begins with mouth end with anus
*entirely extracellular
*digestive enzymes are secreted by the wall of the digestive tract, or by nearby glands and organs

A

human

181
Q

secretes acid and digestive enzymes for PROTEINS, churns food

A

stomach

182
Q

final breakdown, absorb nutrient molecules into body

A

small intestine

183
Q

absorb water and salt

A

large intestine

184
Q

secrete saliva; contain digestive enzyme for CARBOHYDRATES

A

salivary glands

185
Q

produce bile for emulsification of FATS

A

liver

186
Q

store bile from liver; send it to small intestine

A

gallbladder

187
Q

contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes to the blood after eating

A

pancreas

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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