Midterms Lec 1/2 Flashcards
study of structure and parts with the goal of treatment of human health
anatomy
the concept of dissecting or
experimenting humans for research
is still under consideration of major
bioethical issues
what civilization?
Greek
To address the urgent need to
enhance medical knowledge,
we have always resorted in
utilizing ______ that are
relative to us, which have risen
the study of ____ _____
animals
comparative anatomy
knowledge of anatomy
began.
what era
prehistoric time
probably have some knowledge
of the internal Anatomy - Mummified
Ancient egyptians
It has had a rich interplay of Western culture from that
time until the present.
what era
Greek
a Greek physician
assembled anatomical
writings and added
some of his own
dissections of Apes.
Galen
- Functional Anatomy
- Study of how
structures perform
specific functions
what era
middle ages
Attributed the
similarity to
the
manifestation
of basic
architectural
plan or
archetype
Pierre Belon
incorporated anatomical
ideas within a deeply
religious culture
what civilization
Middle Ages
began
around 1400 as an interest in
early texts, including those
on comparative anatomy,
increased
Renaissance
Circulation of blood
Advocated the study of Comparative Anatomy
William Harvey
published a book
describing the anatomy
of stomachs and
intestines in several
different species
Nehemiah Grew
father of taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus
Systema Naturae
Carl Linnaeus
During ____century
knowledge about
comparative advance
rapidly
18th
Compared the anatomies of
different animals
Louise Jean-Marie Daubenton
considered the first
intensive work in comparative
anatomy
Histoire Naturelle (Natural History)
Scientific division of animal kingdom into Vertebrata and
Invertebrata
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Published Philosophie Zoologique –
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
discusses three
issues of evolution by means of inheritance of acquired
characteristics.
what book
Philosophie Zoologique
Species change through time, simplest arise through
spontaneous generation
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Progressive changes in species along an ascending
scale
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
*Need itself produces evolutionary changes
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Founder of Comparative Anatomy
Argued that species are immutable
, organisms must be understood as
functional wholes because parts
and the function they serve were
tightly related
Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic
Dagobert Cuvier
full name of George Cuvier
Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic
Dagobert Cuvier
Published the Natural History of
fishes
George Cuvier
Known as a founder of comparative
anatomy
George Cuvier
Developed the concept of
“survival of the fittest
Alfred Russel Wallace
Develop the modern theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species and the
Descent of Man
Charles Darwin
Helped to establish the evolutionary
basis of our modern synthesis of
comparative, functional and adaptive
morphology and anatomy
Charles Darwin
he has developed the idea of Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
states that species are related to each
other through common ancestors that
is validated by shared characteristics
Charles Darwin
Developed the concepts of
homology and analogy
Richard Owen
instrumental in obtaining and
describing the first primitive bird ___
Archeopteryx
provided the
evidence for the theory of evolution
he advocated the idea of an
archetype, or ideal original pattern,
that was modified to form the
different types of animals
Richard Owen
Established the modern
concept of the evolution of
the vertebrate skull
Thomas Huxley
r is a notable biologist that specializes in
the embryonic development of animals, as he was working
with Charles Darwin in his expeditions
Karl Erns von Baer
*General characteristics of the group to which an embryo
belongs develop before special characteristics.
Karl Erns von Baer
General structural relations are likewise formed before the
most specific appear
Karl Erns von Baer
The form of any given embryo does not converge upon
other definite forms but separates itself from them.
Karl Erns von Baer
The embryo of a higher animal form never resembles
the adult of another animal form, such as one less evolved,
but only its embryo.
Karl Erns von Baer
Paper on describing the mammalian egg
Research into the Development of fishes
Karl Erns von Baer
Biogenetic law ( Ontogeny recapitulate
Phylogeny
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
Proposed that during development from
fertilized egg to adult, animal pass through
stages that recapitulate their evolutionary
development
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
Structure, function and
evolution
comparative anatomy
structural similarities
and differences of
organisms.
comparative anatomy
It is the study of forms of a living
being.
morphology
studies how a structure
and its function become an integrated
part of an interconnected design, and
how this design itself becomes a
factor in the evolution of new forms
morphology
3S of Morphology
similarity
symmetry
segmentation
similarity in ancestry
homology
similarity in function
analogy
similarity in appearance
homoplasy
It refers to the traits
inherited by two different
organisms from common ancestry
homology
A series of structures in the same species
may be homologous to one another even
though individual elements in the series
are not homologous to each other
serial homology
Structures that are of no use to some animals
vestigial structures
It refers to the similarity in function of
two different organisms due to
convergent evolution and not common
ancestry.
analogy
evolution
towards similar traits in unrelated
species
convergent evolution
look alike and may or
may not be homologous or analogous.
Occurs when characters are similar, but not
derived from common ancestor
homoplasy
Describes in which the
body of animal meets the
surrounding environment
symmetry
Developmental history of organism
Primary operant is the genes
Occupies a single lifetime
ontogenesis
Evolutionary history of a taxon
Relates a taxon to ancestral taxa
in the evolutionary line
Operant is the establishment of
evolutionary lineage
phylogenesis
Hereditary modification of
phenotype ( increases the
chance of survival)
Believed to be a result of
environmental pressure
through natural selection
adaptation
Formation of new species from pre-existing ones due to geographical
isolation of a population from other populations of the same species
continuous speciation will result to the formation of new taxa
(phylogenesis)
Consequence: reproductive isolation
speciation
Acts as the selection pressure /screening process for evolution
habitat
Results from interplay between changing environments and adapting organisms
evolution
Lineage that is relatively continuous and complete in the fossil record
phyletic line
Different phyletic lines evolve at different rates at different time and
different characters of one line evolve at different rates at the same time
t or f?
true
Gradual adaptive
change in the
evolution of a feature
within a phyletic line
morphocline
- Usually observed for
large populations
evolving at moderate
rates
morphocline
Evolutionary change in two or more
lineages such that corresponding features
undergo equivalent alterations without
becoming markedly more or less similar
parallelism
evolutionary change in two or
more lineages such that
corresponding features that were
formerly dissimilar become
similar
convergence
Summarized graphic representation of
the course of evolution or phylogeny
illustrate the evolutionary history of
related group of organisms
Used to express relative abundance
and diversity
dendograns
Level or stage of evolutionary
attainment
grade
Expression of the degree of change or
level of adaptation
grade
include ancestor and all of its descendants
monophyletic
include ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants
paraphyletic group
includes two convergent descendants but not their common ancestor
polyphyletic
grouping that includes a common
ancestor and all the descendants (living
and extinct) of that ancestor
clade
science of identification, naming, and classification of organisms
taxonomy
the more homologies two organism share, the closer they must be in terms of evolutionary distance
true
the higher more elusive division of the Linnean system is created by including together closely related clusters of immediately higher divisions
false
according to this principle, the scientific name of a species is a combination of two names: the name of the species is composed of generic name and scientific name
Binomial nomenclature
according to this principle, the coorect formal scientific name is the closest available valid name
principle of priority
according to this principle, when new zoological name is published, it automatically establishes all corresponding names in relevant ranks
principle of coordination
according to this principle, the name of each taxon must be unique and must not be replicate or duplicate of any other family, group or species
principle of homonymy
according to this principle, each nominal taxon in the family group, genus group, or species group must have a prefixed name-bearing type. this helps in determining what name it applies to
principle of typification
A process of change, a long term adaptation
that result in the change of the structure and
behavior of an organism
evolution
- Studies the evolutionary
processes (natural
selection, common
descent, speciation) that
produced the diversity of
life on Earth.
evolutionary biology
Evolution is like a climb up a ladder
of progress; organisms are always getting better
False
Evolution does not meanthat
life changed ‘by chance.’
true
“Natural selection involves
organisms ‘trying’ to adapt
false
Natural selection
gives organisms what they ‘need.’
false
principle where – there was a common descent
of all organisms (modification of existing lines).
relatedness
principle where differences among organisms
(Random mutations/genetic recombination or can
be Phenotypic plasticity due to environment)
variation
principle where the survivability of the organism
(reproduction rate, passing of its genetic
characteristic to the next generation).
fitness
principle where organism with better adaptive
characteristic will survive until they become
sexually mature to reproduce (Selection factors –
Envt. factors that affect reproduction success)
selection
principle where - random variation in the FREQUENCY of
alleles in the gene pool of a population.
drift
A change in the
genetics of a
population over time
evolution
Is the change in the
characteristics of a
species over several
generations and relies
on the process of
Natural selection.
evolution
Introduced a system of
organization of plants
and animals based on
their similarities.
Carolus Linnaeus
who provided ideas about
relationships among
organisms, sources of
variation, and possibility
of evolution.
Georges Buffon
- Father of paleontology
Georges Cuvier
Utilized comparative
anatomy as a tool.
Georges Cuvier
Proposed his idea on
series of catastrophe
(extinctions) and
repopulation form
different regions.
Georges Cuvier
- Founder of Lamarckism.
Jean Baptise Lamarck
- Is the notion that organism
can pass on to its offspring
physical characteristics that
the parent organism
acquired through USE and
DISUSE during a lifetime
Jean Baptiste Lamark
Earth’s crust took place
through countless
changes occurring over
vast periods of time
based on natural laws.
who
Charles Lyell
forces
molding the planet
today have operated
continuously
throughout history.
uniformitarian
darwin first postulate
MORE YOUNG ARE PRODUCED each generation than
can survive to reproduce; this is generally observed in
species; many of the offspring born to any generation die
before reproduction
darwin second postulate
Individuals in a population VARY IN THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS; this is also generally observed
in species; individuals are not identical to one another.
Charles Darwin third postulate
The differences among individuals are BASED ON GENETIC
DIFFERENCES; the genetic basis for many traits in natural
populations and often have observed that the differences
among individuals are present because of genetic differences.
charles fourth postulate
Individuals with some characteristics survive and reproduce
better (HAVE HIGHER FITNESS) than do individuals with
other characteristics; this has now been observed in hundreds
of populations
increase the frequency of
characteristics that makes better adapted and decreases
the frequency of the characteristics leading to change
within the species.
natural selection
The key components to the process of natural
selection are (I)
Inherited variation exists within the population
