Midterms Lec 1/2 Flashcards
1
Q
study of structure and parts with the goal of treatment of human health
A
anatomy
2
Q
the concept of dissecting or
experimenting humans for research
is still under consideration of major
bioethical issues
what civilization?
A
Greek
3
Q
To address the urgent need to
enhance medical knowledge,
we have always resorted in
utilizing ______ that are
relative to us, which have risen
the study of ____ _____
A
animals
comparative anatomy
4
Q
knowledge of anatomy
began.
what era
A
prehistoric time
5
Q
probably have some knowledge
of the internal Anatomy - Mummified
A
Ancient egyptians
6
Q
It has had a rich interplay of Western culture from that
time until the present.
what era
A
Greek
7
Q
a Greek physician
assembled anatomical
writings and added
some of his own
dissections of Apes.
A
Galen
8
Q
- Functional Anatomy
- Study of how
structures perform
specific functions
what era
A
middle ages
9
Q
Attributed the
similarity to
the
manifestation
of basic
architectural
plan or
archetype
A
Pierre Belon
10
Q
incorporated anatomical
ideas within a deeply
religious culture
what civilization
A
Middle Ages
11
Q
began
around 1400 as an interest in
early texts, including those
on comparative anatomy,
increased
A
Renaissance
12
Q
Circulation of blood
Advocated the study of Comparative Anatomy
A
William Harvey
13
Q
published a book
describing the anatomy
of stomachs and
intestines in several
different species
A
Nehemiah Grew
14
Q
father of taxonomy
A
Carl Linnaeus
15
Q
Systema Naturae
A
Carl Linnaeus
16
Q
During ____century
knowledge about
comparative advance
rapidly
A
18th
17
Q
Compared the anatomies of
different animals
A
Louise Jean-Marie Daubenton
18
Q
considered the first
intensive work in comparative
anatomy
A
Histoire Naturelle (Natural History)
19
Q
Scientific division of animal kingdom into Vertebrata and
Invertebrata
A
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
20
Q
Published Philosophie Zoologique –
A
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
21
Q
discusses three
issues of evolution by means of inheritance of acquired
characteristics.
what book
A
Philosophie Zoologique
22
Q
Species change through time, simplest arise through
spontaneous generation
A
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
23
Q
Progressive changes in species along an ascending
scale
A
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
24
Q
*Need itself produces evolutionary changes
A
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
25
Founder of Comparative Anatomy
Argued that species are immutable
, organisms must be understood as
functional wholes because parts
and the function they serve were
tightly related
Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic
Dagobert Cuvier
26
full name of George Cuvier
Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic
Dagobert Cuvier
27
Published the Natural History of
fishes
George Cuvier
28
Known as a founder of comparative
anatomy
George Cuvier
29
Developed the concept of
“survival of the fittest
Alfred Russel Wallace
30
Develop the modern theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
31
On the Origin of Species and the
Descent of Man
Charles Darwin
32
Helped to establish the evolutionary
basis of our modern synthesis of
comparative, functional and adaptive
morphology and anatomy
Charles Darwin
33
he has developed the idea of Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
34
states that species are related to each
other through common ancestors that
is validated by shared characteristics
Charles Darwin
35
Developed the concepts of
homology and analogy
Richard Owen
36
instrumental in obtaining and
describing the first primitive bird ___
Archeopteryx
37
provided the
evidence for the theory of evolution
he advocated the idea of an
archetype, or ideal original pattern,
that was modified to form the
different types of animals
Richard Owen
38
Established the modern
concept of the evolution of
the vertebrate skull
Thomas Huxley
39
r is a notable biologist that specializes in
the embryonic development of animals, as he was working
with Charles Darwin in his expeditions
Karl Erns von Baer
40
*General characteristics of the group to which an embryo
belongs develop before special characteristics.
Karl Erns von Baer
41
General structural relations are likewise formed before the
most specific appear
Karl Erns von Baer
42
The form of any given embryo does not converge upon
other definite forms but separates itself from them.
Karl Erns von Baer
43
The embryo of a higher animal form never resembles
the adult of another animal form, such as one less evolved,
but only its embryo.
Karl Erns von Baer
44
Paper on describing the mammalian egg
Research into the Development of fishes
Karl Erns von Baer
45
Biogenetic law ( Ontogeny recapitulate
Phylogeny
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
46
Proposed that during development from
fertilized egg to adult, animal pass through
stages that recapitulate their evolutionary
development
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
47
Structure, function and
evolution
comparative anatomy
48
structural similarities
and differences of
organisms.
comparative anatomy
49
It is the study of forms of a living
being.
morphology
50
studies how a structure
and its function become an integrated
part of an interconnected design, and
how this design itself becomes a
factor in the evolution of new forms
morphology
51
3S of Morphology
similarity
symmetry
segmentation
52
similarity in ancestry
homology
53
similarity in function
analogy
54
similarity in appearance
homoplasy
55
It refers to the traits
inherited by two different
organisms from common ancestry
homology
56
A series of structures in the same species
may be homologous to one another even
though individual elements in the series
are not homologous to each other
serial homology
57
Structures that are of no use to some animals
vestigial structures
58
It refers to the similarity in function of
two different organisms due to
convergent evolution and not common
ancestry.
analogy
59
evolution
towards similar traits in unrelated
species
convergent evolution
60
look alike and may or
may not be homologous or analogous.
Occurs when characters are similar, but not
derived from common ancestor
homoplasy
61
Describes in which the
body of animal meets the
surrounding environment
symmetry
62
Developmental history of organism
Primary operant is the genes
Occupies a single lifetime
ontogenesis
63
Evolutionary history of a taxon
Relates a taxon to ancestral taxa
in the evolutionary line
Operant is the establishment of
evolutionary lineage
phylogenesis
64
Hereditary modification of
phenotype ( increases the
chance of survival)
Believed to be a result of
environmental pressure
through natural selection
adaptation
65
Formation of new species from pre-existing ones due to geographical
isolation of a population from other populations of the same species
continuous speciation will result to the formation of new taxa
(phylogenesis)
Consequence: reproductive isolation
speciation
66
Acts as the selection pressure /screening process for evolution
habitat
67
Results from interplay between changing environments and adapting organisms
evolution
68
Lineage that is relatively continuous and complete in the fossil record
phyletic line
69
Different phyletic lines evolve at different rates at different time and
different characters of one line evolve at different rates at the same time
t or f?
true
70
Gradual adaptive
change in the
evolution of a feature
within a phyletic line
morphocline
71
* Usually observed for
large populations
evolving at moderate
rates
morphocline
72
Evolutionary change in two or more
lineages such that corresponding features
undergo equivalent alterations without
becoming markedly more or less similar
parallelism
73
evolutionary change in two or
more lineages such that
corresponding features that were
formerly dissimilar become
similar
convergence
74
Summarized graphic representation of
the course of evolution or phylogeny
illustrate the evolutionary history of
related group of organisms
Used to express relative abundance
and diversity
dendograns
75
Level or stage of evolutionary
attainment
grade
76
Expression of the degree of change or
level of adaptation
grade
77
include ancestor and all of its descendants
monophyletic
78
include ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants
paraphyletic group
79
includes two convergent descendants but not their common ancestor
polyphyletic
80
grouping that includes a common
ancestor and all the descendants (living
and extinct) of that ancestor
clade
81
science of identification, naming, and classification of organisms
taxonomy
82
the more homologies two organism share, the closer they must be in terms of evolutionary distance
true
83
the higher more elusive division of the Linnean system is created by including together closely related clusters of immediately higher divisions
false
84
according to this principle, the scientific name of a species is a combination of two names: the name of the species is composed of generic name and scientific name
Binomial nomenclature
85
according to this principle, the coorect formal scientific name is the closest available valid name
principle of priority
86
according to this principle, when new zoological name is published, it automatically establishes all corresponding names in relevant ranks
principle of coordination
87
according to this principle, the name of each taxon must be unique and must not be replicate or duplicate of any other family, group or species
principle of homonymy
88
according to this principle, each nominal taxon in the family group, genus group, or species group must have a prefixed name-bearing type. this helps in determining what name it applies to
principle of typification
89
A process of change, a long term adaptation
that result in the change of the structure and
behavior of an organism
evolution
90
* Studies the evolutionary
processes (natural
selection, common
descent, speciation) that
produced the diversity of
life on Earth.
evolutionary biology
91
Evolution is like a climb up a ladder
of progress; organisms are always getting better
False
92
Evolution does not meanthat
life changed ‘by chance.’
true
93
“Natural selection involves
organisms ‘trying’ to adapt
false
94
Natural selection
gives organisms what they ‘need.’
false
95
principle where – there was a common descent
of all organisms (modification of existing lines).
relatedness
96
principle where differences among organisms
(Random mutations/genetic recombination or can
be Phenotypic plasticity due to environment)
variation
97
principle where the survivability of the organism
(reproduction rate, passing of its genetic
characteristic to the next generation).
fitness
98
principle where organism with better adaptive
characteristic will survive until they become
sexually mature to reproduce (Selection factors –
Envt. factors that affect reproduction success)
selection
99
principle where - random variation in the FREQUENCY of
alleles in the gene pool of a population.
drift
100
A change in the
genetics of a
population over time
evolution
101
Is the change in the
characteristics of a
species over several
generations and relies
on the process of
Natural selection.
evolution
102
Introduced a system of
organization of plants
and animals based on
their similarities.
Carolus Linnaeus
103
who provided ideas about
relationships among
organisms, sources of
variation, and possibility
of evolution.
Georges Buffon
104
* Father of paleontology
Georges Cuvier
105
Utilized comparative
anatomy as a tool.
Georges Cuvier
106
Proposed his idea on
series of catastrophe
(extinctions) and
repopulation form
different regions.
Georges Cuvier
107
* Founder of Lamarckism.
Jean Baptise Lamarck
108
* Is the notion that organism
can pass on to its offspring
physical characteristics that
the parent organism
acquired through USE and
DISUSE during a lifetime
Jean Baptiste Lamark
109
Earth’s crust took place
through countless
changes occurring over
vast periods of time
based on natural laws.
who
Charles Lyell
110
forces
molding the planet
today have operated
continuously
throughout history.
uniformitarian
111
darwin first postulate
MORE YOUNG ARE PRODUCED each generation than
can survive to reproduce; this is generally observed in
species; many of the offspring born to any generation die
before reproduction
112
darwin second postulate
Individuals in a population VARY IN THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS; this is also generally observed
in species; individuals are not identical to one another.
113
Charles Darwin third postulate
The differences among individuals are BASED ON GENETIC
DIFFERENCES; the genetic basis for many traits in natural
populations and often have observed that the differences
among individuals are present because of genetic differences.
114
charles fourth postulate
Individuals with some characteristics survive and reproduce
better (HAVE HIGHER FITNESS) than do individuals with
other characteristics; this has now been observed in hundreds
of populations
115
increase the frequency of
characteristics that makes better adapted and decreases
the frequency of the characteristics leading to change
within the species.
natural selection
116
The key components to the process of natural
selection are (I)
Inherited variation exists within the population
117
Process of Natural Selection occurs in response to a
number of conditions.
t/f
true
118
The key components to the process of natural
selection are (C)
* Competition results from an overproduction of offspring
119
The key components to the process of natural
selection are (E1)
* Environmental pressures lead to differential
reproduction
120
The key components to the process of natural
selection are (A)
Adaptations that benefit survival are selected for
121
The key components to the process of natural
selection are (G)
* Genotype frequency changes across generations
122
The key components to the process of natural
selection are (E)
* Evolution occurs within the population
123
evolution by transformation
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
124
evolution by descent and modification
Charles Darwin
125
* A process within evolution that leads to the
formation of new distinct species that are
reproductively isolated from one another.
speciation
126
two patterns of speciation
anagenesis
cladogenesis
127
large scale changes in gene frequencies
longer time period
at above level of species
extended
not directly observed
fossil evidence
more controversial
eg. Reptiles -> birds
macroevolution
128
small-scale changes in gene frequencies
few generations
within species/ population
small evolutionary changes
observable
experimental evidence
less controversial
eg. bacterial resistance to antibiotics
microevolution
129
Also known as phyletic
evolution
anagenesis
130
Creation of new species
distinct from their ancestor.
anagenesis
131
There is no split in the
phylogenetic tree.
anagenesis
132
Parent species split into two
distinct species.
cladogenesis
133
Speciation arises from
splitting (ex. Geographical
isolation) or separation of
populations.
cladogenesis
134
microevolutionary changes may occur that earlier population is considered a separate species from the later population
anagenesis
135
branching evolution occurs as speciation events accumulate
formation of each new branch isa macroevolutionary event
broad patterns across the resulting tree are also within the scope of macroevolution
cladogenesis
136
Happens when two
populations of the same
species become isolated from
each other due to geographic
changes (ex. Mountain
ranges, ocean etc.).
allopatric speciation
137
A change in the gene
pool of a small population
that takes place strictly by
CHANCE.
genetic drift
138
Not all characteristics of
an organism contribute to
its fitness
true
139
Genetic drift can increase
genetic differences
between population.
true
140
Occurs when two groups
of the same species live
in the same geographic
location, but they evolve
differently until they can
no longer interbreed and
are considered different
species.
sympatric speciation
141
The movement of genes
between populations,
species or between
organisms
gene flow
142
two effects of gene flow
transfering alleles between population
introduce new alleles between pop
143
Extremely rare type of
speciation.
* It occurs when populations are
separated not by a
geographical barrier but
populations in these areas may
interbreed and often develop
distinct characteristics and
lifestyles
parapatric speciation
144
is a mode of speciation in which
a new species is formed from an
isolated peripheral population.
peripatric speciation
145
may be caused by an extreme
case of geographic isolation
where only a few individuals are
isolated, or it could follow not
only a geographic isolation but
also some sort of disaster that
kills off all but a few of the
isolated population.
peripatric speciation
146
is the morphological adaptation
of an animal to living in the constant darkness of
caves, characterised by features such as loss of
pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and
frequently with attenuated bodies and/or
appendages.
troglomorphism
147
* Is the loss of genetic
variation that occurs
when a new population
is established by a very
small number of
individuals from a larger
population.
founder effect
148
* Can be achieved by
Artificial selection.
artifical speciation
149
* Intentional breeding of
desired morphological
and genotypic traits thus
creating a new distinct
species
artificial speciation
150
s a mechanism by which organisms adjust to new
environments or to changes in their current environment
adaptation
151
The process which enables organisms to adjust to their
environment in order to ensure survival.
adaptation
152
Actions of an
organism that enable
them to survive in
their environment.
behavioral adaptation
153
Physical features of an organism that enable to survive
in their environment.
structural adaptation
154
* Ex. Hibernation.
what type of adaptation
behavioral
155
* Ex. Blubber of penguins
what type of adaptation
structural
156
* Internal and/or cellular features of an organism that
enable them to survive in their environment.
physiological adaptation
157
venom glands of snakes
what type of adaptation
physiological
158
The actual place where the organism lives.
habitat
159
wheree Basic needs (food, water, shelter) are obtained for the
organisms survival.
habitat
160
Environmental changes in the habitat causes adaptation that
leads to evolution.
true
161
* The study of the diversity of organisms and of any
relationship among them (Simpson, 1961).
systematics
162
The study of biodiversity with phylogenetic
relationships among organisms
systematics
163
Study of phylogenetic relationships based on shared
or derived traits.
cladistics
164
refers to an evolutionary line of descent and can be determined by comparing sequences in different species
phylogeny
165
diagram used to represent a hypotethical relationship between groups of animals (phylogeny)
cladograms
166
similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to the length of time since speciation
phylograms
167
is a diagram that represents
evolutionary relationships among organisms (hypothetic, no
definitive facts).
phylogenetic tree
168
branching structure of the tree
topology
169
branches on a tree are scaled so that they reflect the amount of evolutionary change
branch lengths
170
group that includes an ancestore and all of its descendants
clade
171
pairs of terminal taxa and/or clades that branch from a common node and are often considered closely related
sister taxa
172
reflect the most basal ancestor of tree in question
rooted tree
173
* Character/s is present in
immediate ancestor only
but not in the earliest
synapomorphy
174
Character/s is present in
immediate ancestor and
earlier ancestor
symplesiomorphy
175
Primitive traits/Ancestral
traits.
symplesiomorphy
176
* Is a distinctive feature,
known as a derived
trait, that is unique to a
given taxon.
autapomorphy
177
Consists of an organism and all of its descendants.
clades
178
grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, and all
species derived from that common ancestor are included.
monophyletic group
179
* Includes an ancestor + all descendants
monophyletic group
180
grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, but
not all species derived from that common ancestor are
included
paraphyletic group
181
* Includes more than one ancestor + but not all descendants
paraphyletic group
182
grouping in which species that do not share an immediate
common ancestor are lumped together, while excluding other
members that would link them.
polyphyletic group
183
* Does not share an immediate common ancestor
polyphyletic group
184
* is a taxon outside the group of interest.
outgroup
185
* All the members of the group of interest are more closely
related to each other than they are to the outgroup
true
186
* Many phylogenies also include an outgroup.
true
187
Method in determining primitive vs. derived traits.
outgroup comparison
188
Determine 1 or more species that are relatives of the group of interest
ingroup
189
the species equally related to all members of the group of interest
outgroup
190
Character/s of comparison found common in both groups is considered
primitive trait
191
character/s found common only in one group but absent to other is
considered as
derived trait
192
developed the concept of homology and analogy
Richard Owen
193
Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
194
Theory of Use and Misuse
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
195
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
196
used the term comparative anatromy
Nehemiah Grew
197
survival of the fittest
Alfred Russel Wallace
198
compared skeleton of humans and birds
Pierre Belon
199
De humani corporis fabrica
Andreas Vesalius
200
Systema Naturae
Carolus Linnaeus
201
Father of Comparative Anatomy
Georges Cuvier
202
study of vertebrate structure, function, and evolution
Comparative Anatomy
203
grouping in which all species share a common ancestor and all species derived from that common ancestor are included
Monophyletic
204
distinctive feature, known as derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon
Autapomorphy
205
random variation in th efrequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population
drift
206
process of change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of structure and behavior of an organism
evolution
207
produciton of hybrids between Bullock's oriole and the Baltimore oriole which occurs at the junction of their territory
Parapatric speciation
208
divergence of resident and transcient orca forms in the northeast pacific that despite living in the same water, orcas avoid each other and do not interbreed
sympatric speciation
209
study of phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits
cladistics
210
process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species c that are reproductively isolated from one another
Speciation
211
creation of new species distrinct from their ancestor
Anagensis
212
common ancestor
root
213
lineage
branch
214
ancestor and all of its descendants
clade
215
speciation event from a common ancestor
node
216
branch from a common node and closely related
sister taxa
217
branching structure of the tree
topologyrepr
218
represents the number of differences between sequences
distance scale
219
represents evolutionary relationships
phylogeny
220
characters found common in both groups
primitive
221
species equally related to all members of the group of interest
ingroup
222
structures that are no use to some animals
vestigial
223
analogous structure that arose independently
homoplasy
224
similarity of organism due to convergent evolution
analogy
225
TRUE OR FALSE
Ingroup species that are not found in outgroup are most likely derived traits
True
226
TRUE OR FALSE
Species that evolved through speciation results in great diversity of life currently present on earth
True
227
Horizontal order of species on the phylogenetic tree tells you about how they are related
False
228
TRUE OR FALSE
studying systematics has a variety of applications in the filed of evolutionary biology
true
229
if the derived character is found in just one speicces in the ingroup, it is not phylogenetically informative
True
230
in general, primitive traits cannot indicate anything about relationships of species within the group
true
231
nature or habitat acts as a selection pressure orscreening process of evolution
truethe more d
232
the more derived characters shared by two groups, the more likely they are closely related
true
233
TRUE OR FALSE
if a group of organism carry a large number of distinctive characters, the group has reached a new grade
true
234
thermocline is a gradual adaptive change in the evolution of a feature within a phyletic line
TRUE OR FALSE
false
235
TRUE OR FALSE
in genetic drift, it increeases genetic differences and all its organism's characteristics contributes to its fitness
false
236
gene flow introduce new alleles to population
true
237
an artifical speciation is an intentional breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating a new distinct species
TRUE OR FALSE
true
238
phylograms are similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to the length of time since speciation
TRUE OR FALSE
true
239
TRUE OR FALSE
branch lengths that are scaled to time, making the relationship between relative node depth and time explicit
true
240
* A large phylum of animals that includes the
vertebrates together with the sea squirts and
lancelets.
chordate
241
A phylum of animals having at least at some stage of
development a notochord, dorsally situated central
nervous system, and gill slits
chordate
242
Evolved during the Cambrian period from a
deuterostome ancestor
chordate
243
deuterostome ancestor of chordate
echinoderm
hemichordates
244
proposed that chordate body plan was
derived from a turned-over
version of annelid
Geoffrey Saint
Hilaire
245
Active animals, bilateral
symmetry, segmentation,
longitudinal nerve cord and
coelomates
what characteristic of chordate to annelid
similarities
246
enumerated several
criticisms/differences that
surpass similarities
Georges Cuvier
247
Segmentation of annelid is
skin to gut
TRUE OR FALSE?
True
248
____cleavage in annelids
_____cleavage in
vertebrates
spiral
radial
249
annelids have No trace of notochord or
internal gills
T/F
true
250
* Annelids are ______
;vertebrates are
____
proto/deutero
protostomes
deuterostomes
251
first
mouth)
protostomes
252
second
mouth
deuterostomes
253
Proposed that echinoderm
larvae gave rise to chordates
by neoteny (retention of
juvenile features in the adult
animal).
Johannes Muller
254
are also
deuterostomes and possess
mesodermal skeletal elements
(made from CaCO3
).
echinoderm
255
is a small fossil group of echinoderms with
skeleton similar to that echinoderm with a tail similar to the
stalk of crinoid proposed to be a link between echinoderms
and vertebrates
Calcichordate
256
suggested that ancestral
deuterostomes were
sedentary tentacle feeders
whose mucous-laden
ciliated tentacles served to
trap planktons as they were
waved in water (like modern
hemichordates)
Romer
257
, tadpole-like
larva of urochordates which
carries typical chordate
characters.
who
W. Garstang
N.J. Berrill
258
suggested
that chordates evolved from
some sessile filter-feeding
urochordate by the larval
stage evolving into adult by
neoteny and by losing the
sedentary adult stage.
Garstang
259
* primitive and advanced
characters of
cephalochordates possess
all chordate characters in
typical state.
Chamberlain
260
proposed that the common
ancestor of echinoderms and
chordates was a sessile ciliary
arm feeder that lived in the
plankton-rich environment of
the Cambrian.
E.J.W. Barrington
261
Later evolved in a free
swimming form at a time of
food scarcity.
sessile ciliary arm feeder
262
What makes you a chordate?
❑Dorsal hallow nerve cord
❑Notochord
❑Pharyngeal pouches
❑Tail
263
* Dorsally located.
hollow nerve cord
264
* Nerves are branched to this
cord at regular intervals and
connect to internal organs,
muscles, and sense organ.
in what part
hollow nerve cord
265
A long supporting rod that
runs through the body just
below the nerve cord
notochord
266
Most chordates have the
notochord during their
______ stage.
embryonic stage
267
* These are paired structures in the
throat (pharynx) region.
pharyngeal slits
268
In some animals such as fishes
and amphibians these slits will
develop into gills, in higher
chordates it will disappear during
development
pharyngeal slits
269
adults that
live in water and breathe via gills
permanent slits
270
adults live
on land
temporary slits
271
* Posteriorly located.
tail
272
contains bones and
muscles used by animals
for swimming and
balancing their body
tao;
273
Sea squirts and tunicates
urochordata
274
Notochord, nerve cord, post-anal tail
present only in free-swimming larvae;
Ascidian adults sessile’ or occasionally
planktonic, encased in tunic that contain some cellulose; marine
urochordata
275
Lancelets(Amphioxus) , Assymetron
Notochord, nerve cord, post-anal tail
and gill slits persist throughout life;
body laterally compresses and
transparent; fishlike form
Cephalochordata
276
Gr. A- without, and gnathos – jaw
Cyclostoma: hagfishes and lampreys
Without true jaw and appendages
Agnatha
277
Fish-like; jawless; no paired
appendages; suctorial mouth with
horny teeth and rasping tongue;
nasal sac not connected to
mouth; seven pairs of gill slits
Cephalaspidomorphi
278
Fish-like; jawless; no p[aired
appendages terminal mouth with four
pairs of tentacles; no sac with duct to
pharynx; 5 to 15 pairs of slits; partially
hermaphroditic. Hagfishes
Myxini
279
Gr. Gnathos – jaw and stoma – mouth
Jawed fishes and all tetrapods
With jaws and usually paired appendages
Gnathostomata
280
Streamed liked fish body with
heterocercal tail; cartilaginous
skeleton; five to seven gills with
separate openings; no operculum;
no swim bladder
Chondrichthytes
281
fusiform body; mostly ossified skeleton
single gill opening on each side covered with
operculum,; usually with swim bladder
Osteichthyes
282
ray finned fish
actinopterygii
283
lobe finned fish
sacropterygii
284
any organism that is able to live both on land and in water
amphibian
285
: an animal (such as a snake, lizard, turtle, or alligator) that has cold blood, that lays eggs, and that has a body covered with scales or hard parts
reptiles
286
the bird class
aves
287
any of a class (Mammalia) of warm-blooded higher vertebrates (such as placentals, marsupials, or monotremes) that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, have the skin usually more or less covered with hair, and include humans
mammalians
288
the group of mammals commonly thought of as pouched mammals
marsupials
289
"single opening" in Greek, referring to the single duct (the cloaca) for their urinary, defecatory, and reproductive systems
monotreme
290
