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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

consist of ductless glands that release hormones that are transported throughout the body by blood vessels which provide chemical control of various functions of the body

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

secrete chemical compounds called hormones into the blood system

A

endocrine gland

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3
Q

are secreted from a secretory cell in a gland and act on a target at another part of the body

A

hormones

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4
Q

must have receptors for the specific hormone released by the endocrine gland

A

target cells

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5
Q

endocrine system functions (read)

A

metabolism and tissue maturation
*ion regulation
*water balance
*immune system regulation
*heart rate and blood pressure regulation
*control of blood glucose and other nutrients
*control of reproductive functions
*uterine contractions and milk release

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6
Q

something in the blood is being monitored, when the level of that substance is too low, it stimulates the release of the hormone

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

humoral trigger

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7
Q

a neuron directly stimulates the gland to cause secretion of the hormone

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

neuronal trigger

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8
Q

one endocrine gland releases a hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release its hormones

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

hormonal trigger

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9
Q

the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

endocrine action

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10
Q

the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

paracrine action

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11
Q

the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

autocrine secretion

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12
Q

label the endocrine system

A

+1

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13
Q

located at the base of the brain, controls the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

secretes releasing hormones to cause the pituitary to release hormones

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

secretes inhibiting hormones to turn off secretion of pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

study how hypothalamus -> pituitary -> thyroid work together

A

+1

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17
Q

produces hormones which affect the pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

causes adenohypophysis to secrete TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TSH-RH)

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19
Q

affects thyroid gland to release TH

A

TSH-RH

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20
Q

causes adenohypophysis to stop secreting TSH so thyroid gland stops secreting thyroid hormone

A

thyroid stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone (TSH-IH)

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21
Q

hypothalamus hormones (7)

A

1.Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)
2.Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRL-RH)
3.Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (TSH-RH)
4.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Releasing Hormone (ACTH-RH)
5.Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (MSH-RH)
6.Follicle Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (FSH-RH)
7.Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH)

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22
Q

secrete nine major hormones, attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum (stalk)

A

pituitary gland

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23
Q

pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by what stalk

A

infundibulum

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24
Q

Two basic divisions of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

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25
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

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26
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

neurohypohpysis

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27
Q

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland (7)

A

1.Growth Hormone (GH)
2.Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
3.Adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4.Prolactin (PRL)
5.Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
6.Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
7.Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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28
Q

also known as somatotropin

A

growth hormone

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29
Q

travels through the blood and stimulates the liver to produce a protein called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

A

growth hormone

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30
Q

where does growth hormone travel to

A

liver

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31
Q

protein produced in the liver due to the growth hormone

A

Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)

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32
Q

in children, this stimulates chondrocytes to multiply in the cartilage at the ends of long bones (epiphyseal plate)

A

IGF-1

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33
Q

Leads to growth in the length of the bones and increases the child’s height

what hormone

A

growth hormone

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34
Q

In adults, this hormone plays an important role in repair and maintenance of the body’s tissues

A

growth hormone

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35
Q

also acts on immature muscle cells to increase muscle mass

A

IGF-1

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36
Q

hypersecretion of GH in children result to this (overall growth)

A

gigantism

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37
Q

hypersecretion of GH in adults, enlarged hands, feet, big chin, and forehead

A

acromegaly

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38
Q

hyposecretion of GH results to this

A

dwarfism

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39
Q

stimulates lacrimation (desire to cry), decreased in adolescent males so it decreases desire to cry

A

prolactin

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40
Q

Enlarges the mammary glands and stimulates milk production

A

prolactinm

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41
Q

type of secretion in prolactin over production of milk and enlargement of breasts (also occurs in men)

A

hypersecretion

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42
Q

type of secretion that is under production or no production of milk

A

hyposecretion

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43
Q

located in the anterior neck, inferior to thyroid cartilage

A

parathyroid gland

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44
Q

causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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45
Q

Produces two hormones: thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

46
Q

two hormones produced by thyroid stimulating hormone

A

thyroid hormone
calcitonin

47
Q

hormone that acts on most cells of the body, increases metabolic rate, controlled by hormonal mechanism, and iodine is needed to make this hormone

A

thyroid hormone

48
Q

lowers blood calcium levels, especially secreted in children, shows osteoclasts to allow osteoblasts to deposit bone in the skeleton

A

calcitonin

49
Q

synthesized and secreted by the dermis

A

vitamin D

50
Q

stimulates the production of release of melanin by melanocytes in skin

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

51
Q

secretion of MSH that results in unnaturally dark skin

A

hypersecretion

52
Q

secretion of MSH that result to prone to sunburn

A

hyposecretion

53
Q

also called corticotropin or adrenocorticotropin, a polypeptide hormone formed in the pituitary
gland that regulates the activity of
outer region (cortex) of the adrenal
gland

A

adrenal corticorpic hormone (ACTH)

54
Q

– located on top of the
kidneys

A

adrenal gland

55
Q

where
epinephrine and norepinephrine are
synthesized

A

adrenal medulla

56
Q

secreted mainly by
medulla of adrenal glands,
functioning primarily to increase
cardiac output

A

epinephrine

57
Q

➢ Raise glucose levels in the
blood
➢ Typically released during
acute stress, prepare
individual for either fight or
flight

A

epinephrine

58
Q

neurotransmitter
and hormone that also is part of the
fight-or-flight response in the body

A

norepinephrine

59
Q

Raises heart rate, which
causes glucose to be released
as energy and blood to flow to
the muscles

A

norephinephrine

60
Q

synthesizes and
secrets corticosteroids as directed
by ACTH from anterior pituitary

what part of adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

61
Q

affect salt and
water balance

A

mineralocorticoids

62
Q

stimulates kidney
cells to reabsorb sodium ions and
water

A

aldosterone

63
Q

promote glucose
synthesis from noncarbohydrate
substances such as proteins

A

glucocorticoids

64
Q

male sex hormones

A

androgen

65
Q

female sex hormone

A

estrogen

66
Q

act on gonads and
regulate reproductive function

A

gonadotropins

67
Q

example of gonadotropins

A

FSH
LH

68
Q

regulates the development of ovarian
follicles and secretion of estrogen,
regulates the production of sperm in
men

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

69
Q

induces
ovulation in females, induces
testosterone in males, stimulates
ovulation and formation of corpus
luteum that secretes estrogen and
progesterone

A

luteinizing hormone

70
Q

prepares the endometrium for implantation and pregnancy

A

progesterone

71
Q

matures the ovum for release, responsible for secondary female characteristics

A

estrogen

72
Q

regulates the production and maturation of sperm, responsible for the secondary male characteristics

A

testosterone

73
Q

hormones produced by posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin
vasopressin

74
Q
  • regulates the release of milk in lactating women
  • induces contractions in labor
  • has a role in organism including pair bonding (i.e. love)
A

oxytocin

75
Q

regulate body fluids
increase water reabsorption

A

vasopressin

76
Q

also known as the antidiuretic hormone

A

vasopressin

77
Q

hypersecretion of vasopressin can lead to high/low blood pressure

A

high

78
Q

hyposecretion of vasopressin lead to high/low blood pressure

A

low

79
Q

four glands
imbedded on the posterior surface of
the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

80
Q

increases blood concentration of
calcium

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

81
Q

There are three ways that the
parathyroid gland raises blood
calcium levels

A
  1. Stimulates osteoclasts to move
    bone calcium from the skeleton to
    the bloodstream
  2. Stimulates the kidneys to stop
    excreting calcium
  3. Stimulates the intestines to
    absorb more calcium from diet
82
Q

Activates vitamin D which
increases calcium uptake by
intestines

what hormone

A

parathyroid hormone

83
Q

secretion of PTH
that result to softened bones from
lack of calcium

A

hypersecretion

84
Q

secretion of PTH
that result to low blood calcium
levels

A

hyposecretion

85
Q

pink gland with two
lobes located in the thoracic cavity
posterior to the sternum

A

thymus gland

86
Q

vLarge during childhood and
puberty but shrinks during
adulthood

A

thymus gland

87
Q

Functions as part of both the
body’s immune response and
the endocrine system

A

thymus gland

88
Q

what does thymus gland secrete

A

thymosin

89
Q

Involved in the activation of T
lymphocytes (T-cells)

A

thymus gland

90
Q

secretion of thymus
gland that result in increased
susceptibility to disease

A

hypersecretion

91
Q

located between the
two lobes of the thalamus

A

pineal gland

92
Q

Secretes the hormone
melatonin

A

pineal gland

93
Q

Maintains the body’s internal
clock and regulates the onset
and duration of sleep

A

melatonin

94
Q

Stimulated by darkness and
inhibited by light

A

melatonin

95
Q

both have
endocrine systems, and their
endocrine systems do the same basic
functions but there are some
differing functions

A

fish and humans

96
Q

have ultimobranchial glands
that secrete calcitonin

A

fish

97
Q

glands of
fishes that are not present in humans

A

corpuscles of stannius

98
Q

Also known as “sac-like
bodies in the kidney”

A

corpuscles of stannius

99
Q

Sites of production of the
hormone called stanniocalcin

A

corpuscles of stannius

100
Q

corpuscles of stannius produces what hormone

A

stanniocalcin

101
Q

responsible for
decreasing the blood circulating level
of calcium in fishes

A

stanniocalcin

102
Q

hormones of the caudal
neurosecretory system in fishes are
produced where and what is it called

A

urophysis
urotensins

103
Q

how many urotensins are there

A

four

104
Q

urotensin that increases the
blood pressure

A

urotensin I

105
Q

urotensin that is involved in
contraction of smooth
muscles such as urinary
bladder

A

urotensin II

106
Q

urotensin that induces the
sodium intake across the gills

A

urotensin III

107
Q

urotensin thatshows activity
like antidiuretic hormones of
pituitary gland

A

urotensin IV

108
Q

1-3mm long
and are located posterior to the
parathyroid glands in avians

A

ultimobranchial bodies

109
Q

hormone produced in the
avian endocrine system that works to
reduce the calcium level in the
bloodstream

A

calcitonin

110
Q

familiarize with table of hormones

A

+1 every turn

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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