Endocrine System Flashcards
consist of ductless glands that release hormones that are transported throughout the body by blood vessels which provide chemical control of various functions of the body
endocrine system
secrete chemical compounds called hormones into the blood system
endocrine gland
are secreted from a secretory cell in a gland and act on a target at another part of the body
hormones
must have receptors for the specific hormone released by the endocrine gland
target cells
endocrine system functions (read)
metabolism and tissue maturation
*ion regulation
*water balance
*immune system regulation
*heart rate and blood pressure regulation
*control of blood glucose and other nutrients
*control of reproductive functions
*uterine contractions and milk release
something in the blood is being monitored, when the level of that substance is too low, it stimulates the release of the hormone
what mechanism of hormone secretion
humoral trigger
a neuron directly stimulates the gland to cause secretion of the hormone
what mechanism of hormone secretion
neuronal trigger
one endocrine gland releases a hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release its hormones
what mechanism of hormone secretion
hormonal trigger
the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells
what mechanism of hormone secretion
endocrine action
the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood
what mechanism of hormone secretion
paracrine action
the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it
what mechanism of hormone secretion
autocrine secretion
label the endocrine system
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located at the base of the brain, controls the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
secretes releasing hormones to cause the pituitary to release hormones
hypothalamus
secretes inhibiting hormones to turn off secretion of pituitary hormones
hypothalamus
study how hypothalamus -> pituitary -> thyroid work together
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produces hormones which affect the pituitary
hypothalamus
causes adenohypophysis to secrete TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TSH-RH)
affects thyroid gland to release TH
TSH-RH
causes adenohypophysis to stop secreting TSH so thyroid gland stops secreting thyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone (TSH-IH)
hypothalamus hormones (7)
1.Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)
2.Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRL-RH)
3.Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (TSH-RH)
4.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Releasing Hormone (ACTH-RH)
5.Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (MSH-RH)
6.Follicle Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (FSH-RH)
7.Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH)
secrete nine major hormones, attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum (stalk)
pituitary gland
pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by what stalk
infundibulum
Two basic divisions of the pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
posterior lobe of pituitary gland
neurohypohpysis
Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland (7)
1.Growth Hormone (GH)
2.Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
3.Adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4.Prolactin (PRL)
5.Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
6.Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
7.Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
also known as somatotropin
growth hormone
travels through the blood and stimulates the liver to produce a protein called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
growth hormone
where does growth hormone travel to
liver
protein produced in the liver due to the growth hormone
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)
in children, this stimulates chondrocytes to multiply in the cartilage at the ends of long bones (epiphyseal plate)
IGF-1
Leads to growth in the length of the bones and increases the child’s height
what hormone
growth hormone
In adults, this hormone plays an important role in repair and maintenance of the body’s tissues
growth hormone
also acts on immature muscle cells to increase muscle mass
IGF-1
hypersecretion of GH in children result to this (overall growth)
gigantism
hypersecretion of GH in adults, enlarged hands, feet, big chin, and forehead
acromegaly
hyposecretion of GH results to this
dwarfism
stimulates lacrimation (desire to cry), decreased in adolescent males so it decreases desire to cry
prolactin
Enlarges the mammary glands and stimulates milk production
prolactinm
type of secretion in prolactin over production of milk and enlargement of breasts (also occurs in men)
hypersecretion
type of secretion that is under production or no production of milk
hyposecretion
located in the anterior neck, inferior to thyroid cartilage
parathyroid gland
causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Produces two hormones: thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
two hormones produced by thyroid stimulating hormone
thyroid hormone
calcitonin
hormone that acts on most cells of the body, increases metabolic rate, controlled by hormonal mechanism, and iodine is needed to make this hormone
thyroid hormone
lowers blood calcium levels, especially secreted in children, shows osteoclasts to allow osteoblasts to deposit bone in the skeleton
calcitonin
synthesized and secreted by the dermis
vitamin D
stimulates the production of release of melanin by melanocytes in skin
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
secretion of MSH that results in unnaturally dark skin
hypersecretion
secretion of MSH that result to prone to sunburn
hyposecretion
also called corticotropin or adrenocorticotropin, a polypeptide hormone formed in the pituitary
gland that regulates the activity of
outer region (cortex) of the adrenal
gland
adrenal corticorpic hormone (ACTH)
– located on top of the
kidneys
adrenal gland
where
epinephrine and norepinephrine are
synthesized
adrenal medulla
secreted mainly by
medulla of adrenal glands,
functioning primarily to increase
cardiac output
epinephrine
➢ Raise glucose levels in the
blood
➢ Typically released during
acute stress, prepare
individual for either fight or
flight
epinephrine
neurotransmitter
and hormone that also is part of the
fight-or-flight response in the body
norepinephrine
Raises heart rate, which
causes glucose to be released
as energy and blood to flow to
the muscles
norephinephrine
synthesizes and
secrets corticosteroids as directed
by ACTH from anterior pituitary
what part of adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
affect salt and
water balance
mineralocorticoids
stimulates kidney
cells to reabsorb sodium ions and
water
aldosterone
promote glucose
synthesis from noncarbohydrate
substances such as proteins
glucocorticoids
male sex hormones
androgen
female sex hormone
estrogen
act on gonads and
regulate reproductive function
gonadotropins
example of gonadotropins
FSH
LH
regulates the development of ovarian
follicles and secretion of estrogen,
regulates the production of sperm in
men
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
induces
ovulation in females, induces
testosterone in males, stimulates
ovulation and formation of corpus
luteum that secretes estrogen and
progesterone
luteinizing hormone
prepares the endometrium for implantation and pregnancy
progesterone
matures the ovum for release, responsible for secondary female characteristics
estrogen
regulates the production and maturation of sperm, responsible for the secondary male characteristics
testosterone
hormones produced by posterior pituitary hormones
oxytocin
vasopressin
- regulates the release of milk in lactating women
- induces contractions in labor
- has a role in organism including pair bonding (i.e. love)
oxytocin
regulate body fluids
increase water reabsorption
vasopressin
also known as the antidiuretic hormone
vasopressin
hypersecretion of vasopressin can lead to high/low blood pressure
high
hyposecretion of vasopressin lead to high/low blood pressure
low
four glands
imbedded on the posterior surface of
the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
increases blood concentration of
calcium
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
There are three ways that the
parathyroid gland raises blood
calcium levels
- Stimulates osteoclasts to move
bone calcium from the skeleton to
the bloodstream - Stimulates the kidneys to stop
excreting calcium - Stimulates the intestines to
absorb more calcium from diet
Activates vitamin D which
increases calcium uptake by
intestines
what hormone
parathyroid hormone
secretion of PTH
that result to softened bones from
lack of calcium
hypersecretion
secretion of PTH
that result to low blood calcium
levels
hyposecretion
pink gland with two
lobes located in the thoracic cavity
posterior to the sternum
thymus gland
vLarge during childhood and
puberty but shrinks during
adulthood
thymus gland
Functions as part of both the
body’s immune response and
the endocrine system
thymus gland
what does thymus gland secrete
thymosin
Involved in the activation of T
lymphocytes (T-cells)
thymus gland
secretion of thymus
gland that result in increased
susceptibility to disease
hypersecretion
located between the
two lobes of the thalamus
pineal gland
Secretes the hormone
melatonin
pineal gland
Maintains the body’s internal
clock and regulates the onset
and duration of sleep
melatonin
Stimulated by darkness and
inhibited by light
melatonin
both have
endocrine systems, and their
endocrine systems do the same basic
functions but there are some
differing functions
fish and humans
have ultimobranchial glands
that secrete calcitonin
fish
glands of
fishes that are not present in humans
corpuscles of stannius
Also known as “sac-like
bodies in the kidney”
corpuscles of stannius
Sites of production of the
hormone called stanniocalcin
corpuscles of stannius
corpuscles of stannius produces what hormone
stanniocalcin
responsible for
decreasing the blood circulating level
of calcium in fishes
stanniocalcin
hormones of the caudal
neurosecretory system in fishes are
produced where and what is it called
urophysis
urotensins
how many urotensins are there
four
urotensin that increases the
blood pressure
urotensin I
urotensin that is involved in
contraction of smooth
muscles such as urinary
bladder
urotensin II
urotensin that induces the
sodium intake across the gills
urotensin III
urotensin thatshows activity
like antidiuretic hormones of
pituitary gland
urotensin IV
1-3mm long
and are located posterior to the
parathyroid glands in avians
ultimobranchial bodies
hormone produced in the
avian endocrine system that works to
reduce the calcium level in the
bloodstream
calcitonin
familiarize with table of hormones
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