Endocrine System Flashcards by Franchez Cassandra Escander

Q

consist of ductless glands that release hormones that are transported throughout the body by blood vessels which provide chemical control of various functions of the body

A

endocrine system

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Q

secrete chemical compounds called hormones into the blood system

A

endocrine gland

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Q

are secreted from a secretory cell in a gland and act on a target at another part of the body

A

hormones

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Q

must have receptors for the specific hormone released by the endocrine gland

A

target cells

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Q

endocrine system functions (read)

A

metabolism and tissue maturation
*ion regulation
*water balance
*immune system regulation
*heart rate and blood pressure regulation
*control of blood glucose and other nutrients
*control of reproductive functions
*uterine contractions and milk release

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Q

something in the blood is being monitored, when the level of that substance is too low, it stimulates the release of the hormone

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

humoral trigger

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Q

a neuron directly stimulates the gland to cause secretion of the hormone

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

neuronal trigger

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Q

one endocrine gland releases a hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release its hormones

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

hormonal trigger

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Q

the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

endocrine action

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Q

the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

paracrine action

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Q

the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

what mechanism of hormone secretion

A

autocrine secretion

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Q

label the endocrine system

A

+1

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Q

located at the base of the brain, controls the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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Q

secretes releasing hormones to cause the pituitary to release hormones

A

hypothalamus

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Q

secretes inhibiting hormones to turn off secretion of pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

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Q

study how hypothalamus -> pituitary -> thyroid work together

A

+1

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Q

produces hormones which affect the pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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Q

causes adenohypophysis to secrete TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TSH-RH)

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Q

affects thyroid gland to release TH

A

TSH-RH

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Q

causes adenohypophysis to stop secreting TSH so thyroid gland stops secreting thyroid hormone

A

thyroid stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone (TSH-IH)

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Q

hypothalamus hormones (7)

A

1.Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)
2.Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRL-RH)
3.Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (TSH-RH)
4.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Releasing Hormone (ACTH-RH)
5.Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (MSH-RH)
6.Follicle Stimulating Hormone Releasing Hormone (FSH-RH)
7.Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH)

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Q

secrete nine major hormones, attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum (stalk)

A

pituitary gland

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Q

pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by what stalk

A

infundibulum

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Q

Two basic divisions of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

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anterior lobe of pituitary gland

adenohypophysis

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

neurohypohpysis

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland (7)

1.Growth Hormone (GH) 2.Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) 3.Adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4.Prolactin (PRL) 5.Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 6.Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 7.Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)

also known as somatotropin

growth hormone

travels through the blood and stimulates the liver to produce a protein called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

growth hormone

where does growth hormone travel to

liver

protein produced in the liver due to the growth hormone

Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)

in children, this stimulates chondrocytes to multiply in the cartilage at the ends of long bones (epiphyseal plate)

IGF-1

Leads to growth in the length of the bones and increases the child’s height what hormone

growth hormone

In adults, this hormone plays an important role in repair and maintenance of the body’s tissues

growth hormone

also acts on immature muscle cells to increase muscle mass

IGF-1

hypersecretion of GH in children result to this (overall growth)

gigantism

hypersecretion of GH in adults, enlarged hands, feet, big chin, and forehead

acromegaly

hyposecretion of GH results to this

dwarfism

stimulates lacrimation (desire to cry), decreased in adolescent males so it decreases desire to cry

prolactin

Enlarges the mammary glands and stimulates milk production

prolactinm

type of secretion in prolactin over production of milk and enlargement of breasts (also occurs in men)

hypersecretion

type of secretion that is under production or no production of milk

hyposecretion

located in the anterior neck, inferior to thyroid cartilage

parathyroid gland

causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Produces two hormones: thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

two hormones produced by thyroid stimulating hormone

thyroid hormone calcitonin

hormone that acts on most cells of the body, increases metabolic rate, controlled by hormonal mechanism, and iodine is needed to make this hormone

thyroid hormone

lowers blood calcium levels, especially secreted in children, shows osteoclasts to allow osteoblasts to deposit bone in the skeleton

calcitonin

synthesized and secreted by the dermis

vitamin D

stimulates the production of release of melanin by melanocytes in skin

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

secretion of MSH that results in unnaturally dark skin

hypersecretion

secretion of MSH that result to prone to sunburn

hyposecretion

also called corticotropin or adrenocorticotropin, a polypeptide hormone formed in the pituitary gland that regulates the activity of outer region (cortex) of the adrenal gland

adrenal corticorpic hormone (ACTH)

– located on top of the kidneys

adrenal gland

where epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized

adrenal medulla

secreted mainly by medulla of adrenal glands, functioning primarily to increase cardiac output

epinephrine

➢ Raise glucose levels in the blood ➢ Typically released during acute stress, prepare individual for either fight or flight

epinephrine

neurotransmitter and hormone that also is part of the fight-or-flight response in the body

norepinephrine

Raises heart rate, which causes glucose to be released as energy and blood to flow to the muscles

norephinephrine

synthesizes and secrets corticosteroids as directed by ACTH from anterior pituitary what part of adrenal gland

adrenal cortex

affect salt and water balance

mineralocorticoids

stimulates kidney cells to reabsorb sodium ions and water

aldosterone

promote glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate substances such as proteins

glucocorticoids

male sex hormones

androgen

female sex hormone

estrogen

act on gonads and regulate reproductive function

gonadotropins

example of gonadotropins

FSH LH

regulates the development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen, regulates the production of sperm in men

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

induces ovulation in females, induces testosterone in males, stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum that secretes estrogen and progesterone

luteinizing hormone

prepares the endometrium for implantation and pregnancy

progesterone

matures the ovum for release, responsible for secondary female characteristics

estrogen

regulates the production and maturation of sperm, responsible for the secondary male characteristics

testosterone

hormones produced by posterior pituitary hormones

oxytocin vasopressin

- regulates the release of milk in lactating women - induces contractions in labor - has a role in organism including pair bonding (i.e. love)

oxytocin

regulate body fluids increase water reabsorption

vasopressin

also known as the antidiuretic hormone

vasopressin

hypersecretion of vasopressin can lead to high/low blood pressure

high

hyposecretion of vasopressin lead to high/low blood pressure

low

four glands imbedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

increases blood concentration of calcium

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

There are three ways that the parathyroid gland raises blood calcium levels

1. Stimulates osteoclasts to move bone calcium from the skeleton to the bloodstream 2. Stimulates the kidneys to stop excreting calcium 3. Stimulates the intestines to absorb more calcium from diet

Activates vitamin D which increases calcium uptake by intestines what hormone

parathyroid hormone

secretion of PTH that result to softened bones from lack of calcium

hypersecretion

secretion of PTH that result to low blood calcium levels

hyposecretion

pink gland with two lobes located in the thoracic cavity posterior to the sternum

thymus gland

vLarge during childhood and puberty but shrinks during adulthood

thymus gland

Functions as part of both the body’s immune response and the endocrine system

thymus gland

what does thymus gland secrete

thymosin

Involved in the activation of T lymphocytes (T-cells)

thymus gland

secretion of thymus gland that result in increased susceptibility to disease

hypersecretion

located between the two lobes of the thalamus

pineal gland

Secretes the hormone melatonin

pineal gland

Maintains the body’s internal clock and regulates the onset and duration of sleep

melatonin

Stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

melatonin

both have endocrine systems, and their endocrine systems do the same basic functions but there are some differing functions

fish and humans

have ultimobranchial glands that secrete calcitonin

fish

glands of fishes that are not present in humans

corpuscles of stannius

Also known as “sac-like bodies in the kidney”

corpuscles of stannius

Sites of production of the hormone called stanniocalcin

corpuscles of stannius

corpuscles of stannius produces what hormone

stanniocalcin

responsible for decreasing the blood circulating level of calcium in fishes

stanniocalcin

hormones of the caudal neurosecretory system in fishes are produced where and what is it called

urophysis urotensins

how many urotensins are there

four

urotensin that increases the blood pressure

urotensin I

urotensin that is involved in contraction of smooth muscles such as urinary bladder

urotensin II

urotensin that induces the sodium intake across the gills

urotensin III

urotensin thatshows activity like antidiuretic hormones of pituitary gland

urotensin IV

1-3mm long and are located posterior to the parathyroid glands in avians

ultimobranchial bodies

hormone produced in the avian endocrine system that works to reduce the calcium level in the bloodstream

calcitonin

familiarize with table of hormones

+1 every turn