Long Exam 2

Question 1

evolved sometime during the Cambrian period, 500 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, almost at the same time when invertebrates began to develop

Answer 1

Chordates

Question 2

May have evolved from some freshwater forms as all modern _____ possess glomerular kidneys designed to remove excess water from the body

Answer 2

Chordates

Question 3

Early fossils of these have been all recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordate are all marine forms

Answer 3

Chordates

Question 4

also found in marine forms such as myxinods and sharks

Answer 4

glomerular kidneys

Question 5

hagfish class Myxini, jawless, boneless, and sightless fish that exhibit unique behavors

Answer 5

myxinods

Question 6

chordates evolved from them, includes echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophrans, etc.

Answer 6

deuterostome

Question 7

fossils of the earliest vertebrates were known from its, about 400 mya

Answer 7

Silurian-Devonian Period

Question 8

do not have eyes, ears, and jaws but are considered an important organism in studying chordates

Answer 8

Amphioxus

Question 9

precursor of a backbone, humans carry a vestiges of these (disk in the spine)

Answer 9

Notochord

Question 10

first mammals with bony jaws

Answer 10

fish

Question 11

with this happening, organisms become bigger

Answer 11

four fold increase in genes

Question 12

a group of marine animals that spend most of their lives attached to docks, rocks or the undersides of boats

Answer 12

tunicate

Question 13

are semi-transparent barrel-shaped marine animals that move through the water by contracting bands of muscles which ring the body

Answer 13

salp

Question 14

porous walls of its home allow food particles to flow into an inner chamber where this blue, wispy animal feeds

Answer 14

larvacean

Question 15

showed how reptiles sporting innovations like jaws and legs flourished on land

Answer 15

monitor lizards

Question 16

origin theory given by Johannes Muller on 1860 based on comparative studies of larval stages of echinoderms and hemichordates

Answer 16

echinoderm origin

Question 17

resembles echinoderm larvae such as Bipinnaria, Auricularia, Dipleurula, and Doliolaria, which possess ciliary bands and an apical tuft of cilia

Answer 17

Tornaria larva

Question 18

proposed that echinoderm larvae gave rise to chordates by neoteny

Answer 18

Johannes Muller
W. Garstang
DeBeers

Question 19

are deuterostomes and possess mesodermal skeletal elements

Answer 19

Echinoderms

Question 20

fossil echinoderms discovered from the Ordovician period (450 mya)

Answer 20

Calcichordata

Question 21

Asymmetrical animals that demonstrate affinities with both echinoderms and chordates but their skeleton is made up of CaCO3

Answer 21

calcichordata

Question 22

Have large pharynx with series of gill slits, each covered with flaps for filter feeding, a small segmented body, and postanal tail

Answer 22

calcichordata

Question 23

functions for filter-feeding appears to have evolved in diverse groups of animals during the Cambrian-Ordovician periods

Answer 23

perforated pharynx

Question 24

bones are made up of hydrated calcium and phosphate

Answer 24

vertebrates

Question 25

suggested by Romer in 1959 wherein ancestral deuterostomes were sedentary tentacle feeders whose mucous-laden ciliated tentacles served to trap planktons as they were waved in water as do the modern lophophorates and pterobranch
hemichordates, Cephalodiscus and Rhabdopleura

Answer 25

hemichordate origin

Question 26

Pharyngeal slits evolved in this ancestors, which made pharynx sieve-like to trap planktons as the water current passed through it

Answer 26

hemichordate

Question 27

possess both ciliated arms and pharyngeal gill slits

Answer 27

pretobranch

Question 28

W. Garstand (1928) and N.J. Berill (1955) – gave importance to the tadpole-like larva or urochordates which carries typical chordate characters, namely, a notochord in tail along with segmented myotomes, dorsal hollow nerve cord, sense organs, and pharyngeal gill slits

Answer 28

Urochordate origin

Question 29

suggested that chordates evolved from some sessile filter-feeding urochordate by the larval stage evolving into adulthood by neoteny and by losing the sedentary adult stage

Answer 29

Garstang

Question 30

Chamberlain studies the primitive and advanced characteristics of cephalochordates and proposed that while extant cephalochordates possess all chordate characters in a typical state, they also show some primitive features of non-chordates, such as the absence of heart, head, sense organs, respiratory pigment, filter
-feeding mode of food capture and excretion by solenocytes

Answer 30

Cephalochordate origin

Question 31

earliest chordate whose fossil have been discovered from Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada.

Answer 31

Pikaia gracilens

Question 32

show a streamlined, ribbon-shaped, 5 cm long body having notochord in the posterior two-thirds of the body and myomeres

Answer 32

Amphioxus

Question 33

combined all above theories of echinoderm, urochordata, cephalochordate origins and proposed that the common ancestor of echinoderms and chordates was a sessile ciliary arm feeder that lived in the plankton-rich environment of the Cambria

Answer 33

Combined theory of E.J.W Barriton

Question 34

modern version of these have evolved from similar ancestors by retaining the original mode of feeding

Answer 34

Echinodermata

Question 35

perforation of the pharynx with gill slits, must have evolved in a large number of groups which have been a much superior method of food gathering by filtering water as compared to ciliated arm feeding

Answer 35

pharyngothremy

Question 36

marine animals and lack a bony or cartilaginous skeleton; suspension feeders

Answer 36

cephalochordates and urochordates

Question 37

have an endoskeleton and some are terrestrial and most use jaws to feed

Answer 37

vertebrates

Question 38

Four basic characteristics of phylum chordata at some time in their history:

Answer 38

notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
post anal tail

Question 39

dorsal supporting rod

Answer 39

notochord

Question 40

Replaced by a vertebral column in adult vertebrates (anlagen/precursor of the vertebral column)

Answer 40

notochord

Question 41

in contrast to invertebrates having a ventral solid nerve cord

Answer 41

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Question 42

have a hollow nerve cord meaning that the cord contains a canal that is filled with fluid

Answer 42

vertebrates

Question 43

humans have this fluid in their hollow nerve cord

Answer 43

central canal cerebrospinal fluid

Question 44

persist in adult fishes, but in most vertebrates are only seen during embryological development

Answer 44

pharyngeal slits

Question 45

Water passes into the mouth and the pharynx going through here, which are supported by gill bars and used for gas exchange

Answer 45

pharyngeal slits

Question 46

represents a posterior elongation of the boy extending beyond the anus

Answer 46

post anal tail

Question 47

Extension of the chordate locomotor organ, the segmental musculature, and notochord

Answer 47

post anal tail

Question 48

study of the development of embryos from fertilization until they become fetuses or at point which you can distinguish the species

Answer 48

embryology

Question 49

comparison of embryo development across species

Answer 49

comparative embryology

Question 50

all embryos pass from single cells to multicelled what

Answer 50

zygotes

Question 51

clumps of cells

Answer 51

morula

Question 52

hollow balls of cells

Answer 52

blastula

Question 53

The process of embryogenesis begins with an ____ or ovum being fertilized by a ____ cell to form a zygote

Answer 53

egg
sperm

Question 54

zygote is surrounded by a strong membrane made up of this, which the sperm has managed to penetrate

Answer 54

glycoproteins

Question 55

formed 24 hours after the egg and sperm nuclei fuse

Answer 55

zygote

Question 56

Over the next three days, the zygote undergoes a number of cell divisions, a process referred to as _____

Answer 56

cleavage

Question 57

process once the embryo has reached 8-celled stage, involves the tight binding of the cells to create a compact shere

Answer 57

compaction

Question 58

16-celled embryo that the embryo turns after compaction

Answer 58

Morula

Question 59

cavity that developed in the morula after one day of compaction

Answer 59

Blastocele

Question 60

structure that formed after the cells inside the blastocele compact and flatten

Answer 60

Blastocyst

Question 61

moves towards the womb, where it implants itself in the lining after 24 hours

Answer 61

Blastocyst

Question 62

Over the next week, the mass of cells rapidly divides, giving rise to a disc-shaped structure that has two layers:

Answer 62

animal pole
vegetal pole

Question 63

layer becomes the embryo and amniotic cavity

Answer 63

animal pole

Question 64

layer develops into the yolk sac

Answer 64

vegetal pole

Question 65

occurs where the blood system starts to appear in the placenta and blood cells are produced by the yok sac, a streak of cells becomes apparent on the embryonic disc

Answer 65

Gastrulation

Question 66

study of development from fertilization to embryo

Answer 66

embryology

Question 67

Reveals ancestry

Answer 67

embryology

Question 68

Nature of relationship from ancestor to offspring can be studied

Answer 68

embryology

Question 69

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.”

who said?

Answer 69

Ernst Haeckel:

Question 70

Recapitulation is not only relationship between embryos and ancestors”

Answer 70

Gavin De Beer

Question 71

according to De Beers, these may or may not be present from their ancestors or descendants

Answer 71

embryonic structures

Question 72

Can be lost (vestigial) or retained to adulthood

Answer 72

embryonic structures

Question 73

may be repeated in earlier stages but not in later stages

Answer 73

developmental stages

Question 74

may or may not be altered in the descendant

Answer 74

developmental sequences

Question 75

sex cells, haploid chromosomes that unite to form diploid organism

Answer 75

gametes

Question 76

Perform meiotic division

Answer 76

gametes

Question 77

gametes for males, have various head appearance such

Answer 77

sperm

Question 78

head apperance of sperm (7)

Answer 78

spherical
spatulate
hooked
lancet-shaped
spiraled
capped (acrosome)

Question 79

used for movement in sperms

Answer 79

tail

Question 80

part of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes

Answer 80

acrosome

Question 81

part of the sperm that contains 23 chromosomes

Answer 81

nucleus

Question 82

part of the sperm cell that contains many mitochondria

Answer 82

collar

Question 83

causes sperm to swim

Answer 83

flagellum

Question 84

are made up of microlecithal (small yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), and
macrolecithal (abundant yolk)

Answer 84

egg cell

Question 85

small yolk in egg cell

Answer 85

microlecithal

Question 86

moderate yolk in egg cell

Answer 86

mesolecithal

Question 87

abundant yolk in egg cell

Answer 87

macrolecithal

Question 88

process of formation of gametes i.e. sperms and
ovary from the primary sex organs in
all sexually reproducing organisms

Answer 88

gametogenesis

Question 89

plays most significant role in the process of gametogenesis

Answer 89

meiosis

Question 90

spermatogenesis formula

Answer 90

1:2:4

Question 91

differentiation of an ovum into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized

Answer 91

oogenesis

Question 92

developed from the primary oocyte by maturation

Answer 92

ovum

Question 93

Initiated in the embryonic stage

Answer 93

oogenesis

Question 94

Primary oocyte in oogenesis count of chromosomes

Answer 94

46/2N

Question 95

secondary oocyte in oogenesis count of chromosomes

Answer 95

23/1n

Question 96

oogonium count of chromosomes

Answer 96

46, 2N

Question 97

ootid count of chromosomes

Answer 97

23, 1N

Question 98

a cell in ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum

Answer 98

oocyte

Question 99

Immature egg cell that will eventually break free from the follicle and travel down the fallopian tube – at which point it’s called an egg or ovum

Answer 99

oocyte

Question 100

single cell released from either of the female reproductive organs, the ovaries, which is capable of dev
eloping into a new organism when fertilized (united) with a sperm cell

Answer 100

ovum

Question 101

developed and released by ovarian follicle

Answer 101

oocyte

Question 102

surrounds and nourishes the egg

Answer 102

vitelline membrane

Question 103

in therian mammals, egg is enclosed in this along with corona radiata, cells of ovarian follicle

Answer 103

zona pellucida

Question 104

present in amphioxus; eutherian mammals (egg yolk)

Answer 104

microlecithal

Question 105

of, relating to, or belonging to the Eutheria, a subclass of mammals all of which have a placenta and reach an advanced state of development before birth.

Answer 105

eutherian

Question 106

egg yolk present in lampreys; some fishes; amphibians

Answer 106

mesolecithal

Question 107

egg yolk present in most fishes; reptiles; birds; monotremes (egg-laying mammals)

Answer 107

macrolecithal

Question 108

Egg is enclosed after ovulation in jelly layer in what group of animals

Answer 108

amphibians

Question 109

Egg is enclosed after ovulation in albumen in what group of animals

Answer 109

birds

Question 110

Egg is enclosed after ovulation in horny, membranous in what animals

Answer 110

fishes

Question 111

Egg is enclosed after ovulation in calcareous shells in what group of animals

Answer 111

reptiles, birds

Question 112

Most animals proceed through these stages during development (5)

Answer 112

zygote
early cleavage stages
gastrulation
segmentation (inc. neurulation)
organogenesis

Question 113

establish polarity and body axes

Answer 113

blasutla

Question 114

where germ layers are established

Answer 114

gastrulation

Question 115

this involves neurulation

Answer 115

segmentation

Question 116

in therian mammals, penetration of sperm from corona radiata to vitelline membrane of the egg

Answer 116

fertilzation

Question 117

Involves enzymatic and physical interactions between sperm acrosome and egg cortex

Answer 117

fertilization

Question 118

when this happens the diploid # of chromosomes are restored

Answer 118

union of gametes

Question 119

hollow sphere of cells produced during the development of an embryo by repeated cleavage of a fertilized egg

Answer 119

vertebrate blastula

Question 120

epithelial covering layer in blastula

Answer 120

blastoderm

Question 121

fluid-filled cavity of the blastula

Answer 121

blastocoel

Question 122

daughter cells

Answer 122

blastomeres

Question 123

Composed of single tissue layer with hundred of cells

Answer 123

blastula

Question 124

nutrition of developing embryo; process of cleaving & blastula is dependent on the yolk present

Answer 124

yolk

Question 125

multiple numbered cells ready for uterine implantation

Answer 125

morula

Question 126

Cleavage can be:

Answer 126

▪
2-celled
▪
4-celled
▪
8-celled
▪
16-celled
▪
32-celled stages

Question 127

epiblast or epimere; developing embryo nourished by the vegetal pole (dorsal cells – ectoderm)

Answer 127

animal pole

Question 128

hypoblast or hypomere, developing yolk, nourishes the embryo (ventral cells – endoderm)

Answer 128

vegetal pole

Question 129

” (total cleavage furrows penetrate the entire yolk; equal sized blastomeres)

Answer 129

“holoblastic

Question 130

characterized by or being incomplete cleavage as a result of the presence of an impeding mass of yolk material

Answer 130

meroblastic

Question 131

holoblastic types (4)

Answer 131

radial
bilateral
spiral
rotational

Question 132

meroblastic types (2)

Answer 132

discoidal
superficial

Question 133

holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres in amphibians

Answer 133

mesolecithal

Question 134

larger blastomeres; nourishes the embryo; slower development

Answer 134

vegetal pole

Question 135

towards the animal pole

Answer 135

blastocoel

Question 136

“meroblastic” (partial cleavage); unequal sized blastomeres in birds

Answer 136

macrolecithal

Question 137

large size yolk mass; too great to be penetrated by cleavage furrow in birds

Answer 137

vegetal pole

Question 138

relatively small (blastoderm)

Answer 138

animal pole

Question 139

have a microlecithal; holoblastic; unequal sized blastomeres

Answer 139

mammals

Question 140

structure formed in the early development of mammals

Answer 140

blastocyst

Question 141

possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms the embryo

Answer 141

blastocyst

Question 142

outer layer of the blastocyts containing cells

Answer 142

trophoblast

Question 143

surrounded by the trophoblast, a fluid-filled cavity

Answer 143

blastocoel

Question 144

– trophoblast gives rise to this

Answer 144

placenta

Question 145

Greek word means “a sprout”

Answer 145

blastos

Question 146

Greek word means “bladder, capsule)

Answer 146

kystis

Question 147

formation of three germ layers

Answer 147

gastrulation

Question 148

epiblast or epimere, developing embryo

Answer 148

animal pole

Question 149

cells migrate to the interior of the blastula, consequently forming two (in diploblastic animals) or into three (tripoblastic animals

Answer 149

gastrulation

Question 150

embryo during gastrulation is called

Answer 150

gastrula

Question 151

infolding of cell sheet into embryo

Answer 151

invagination

Question 152

inturning of cell sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer

Answer 152

involution

Question 153

migration of individual cells into the mesoderm

Answer 153

ingresion

Question 154

splitting or migration of one sheet into two sheets

Answer 154

delamination

Question 155

expansion of one cell sheet over other cell sheets

Answer 155

epiboly

Question 157

3 germ layers

Answer 157

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 158

– from epiblast (animal pole) outer layer

Answer 158

ectoderm

Question 159

middle layer; mesenchyme

Answer 159

mesoderm

Question 160

from hypoblast (vegetal pole), innermost layer

Answer 160

endoderm

Question 161

mesolgea is present in what (diploblastic or tripoblastic)

Answer 161

diploblastic

Question 162

instead of mesoglea, ___ is present in triploblastic animals

Answer 162

mesoderm

Question 163

central nervous system, retina and lens, cranial and sensory, ganglia and nerves, pigment cells (melanocytes), head connective tissue, epidermis of skin, hair, mammary glands

from what germ layer?

Answer 163

ectoderm

Question 164

musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, dermis of skin, connective tissue, urogenital system, heart, blood (lymph cells), and spleen

what layer

Answer 164

mesoderm

Question 165

gastrointestinal system (gut); stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, lining of urethra, epithelial parts of trachea, lungs, pharynx, thyroid, parathyroid, intestine

what layer

Answer 165

endoderm

Question 166

formed where cells are entering the embryo

Answer 166

blastopore

Question 167

two major group of animals can be distinguished according to the blastopore’s fate:

Answer 167

deuterostome
protostome

Question 168

anus forms from the blastopore

Answer 168

deuterostome

Question 169

blastopores develops into mouth

Answer 169

protostome

Question 170

folds inward toward animal pole, double-walled cup

Answer 170

vegetal pole

Question 171

body cavity (coelom) in gastrulation

Answer 171

gastrocoel

Question 172

uppermost layer of cells

Answer 172

ectoderm

Question 173

primitive gut (yolk) lined by endoderm

Answer 173

archenteron

Question 174

middle layer formed from dorsolateral outpocketing of archenteron

Answer 174

mesoderm

Question 175

anlagen of nervous system (primitive), formed from dorsal wall of archenteron

Answer 175

notochord

Question 176

anlagen of nervous system (primitive), formed from dorsal wall of archenteron

Answer 176

notochord

Question 177

roof of archenteron, forms the notochord in the midline and somites (series of
paired mesodermal tissue blocks)

Answer 177

chordamesoderm

Question 178

gut tube. Pouch form

Answer 178

schizocoel

Question 179

formed by splitting of the hypoblast in the somites

Answer 179

coelom

Question 180

indirectly filled with maternal fluid and enlarges

Answer 180

blastocoel

Question 181

flattened inner cell mass forms primitive streak (notochord -> CNS)

Answer 181

blastoderm

Question 182

forms extraembryonic membranes (fetal membranes) and body of embryo (musculoskeletal and circulatory system); mesenchymal tissue

Answer 182

mesoderm

Question 183

forms by schizocoel (pouch form)

Answer 183

coelom

Question 184

inner cell mass + primitive streak

Answer 184

embryoblast

Question 185

notochord (anlagen of CNS); promotes neurulation

Answer 185

primitive streak

Question 186

overlaps with gastrulation establishing the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 186

neurulation

Question 187

coelom in neurulation

Answer 187

neurocoel

Question 188

What induces thickening of ectoderm into a neutral plate

Answer 188

chordamesoderm

Question 189

ectomesenchyme, considered as the 4th germ layer which arise from ectoderm forms cartilage and bones of the head, pharyngeal cartilages; peripheral nerve ganglia, some glandular tissues; melanocytes

Answer 189

neural crest cells

Question 190

ectodermal cells

Answer 190

neural plate

Question 191

formed from neural plate; folds of cells that arches and meet at the mid-dorsal line and forms the neural tube

Answer 191

neural folds

Question 192

– encloses the neurocoel (cavity)

Answer 192

neural tube

Question 193

anlagen of the dorsal hollow nerve cord

Answer 193

neurocoel

Question 194

migration of primordial germ cells

Answer 194

organogenesis

Question 195

establishes the head and tail

Answer 195

holoblastic embryo

Question 196

– 3 germ layers spread faced down on the uncleaved yolk

Type of embryo

Answer 196

meroblastic embryo

Question 197

embryo increase in ____ while anchenteron becomes part of the ____ tube

Answer 197

length
gut

Question 198

enterocoelom (blastopore) becomes anus while the mouth opens anteriorly

Answer 198

schizocoely

Question 199

____form the lining of the gut

Answer 199

endoderm

Question 200

major structure formed by dermatome (outer epimere)

Answer 200

skin dermis

Question 201

major structure formed by middle epimere

Answer 201

muscles

Question 202

major structure formed by inner epimere

Answer 202

vertebral column

Question 203

major structure formed by chordamesoderm

Answer 203

notochord

Question 204

major structure formed by intermediate mesoderm

Answer 204

kidney, urogenital ducts

Question 205

major structure formed by somatic hypomere

Answer 205

bones

Question 206

major structure formed by splanchnic hypomere

Answer 206

blood, heart, gut, smooth muscle, visceral perotineum

Question 207

major structure formed by somatic endoderm

Answer 207

skin epidermis, teeth enamel, stomodeum, proctodeum

Question 208

major structure formed by neural plate ectoderm

Answer 208

brain, spinal cord

Question 209

major structure formed by neural plate ectoderm

Answer 209

brain, spinal cord

Question 210

major structure formed by epidermal placodes

Answer 210

capsules

Question 211

major structure formed by ectomesenchyme

Answer 211

spinal ganglia, nenurocranium, aortic arches, heart septum

Question 212

in them, yolk cleaves and directly incorpotaed into somatic cells

Answer 212

amphibians

Question 213

➢
Yolk supply is limited
➢
No fetal membranes required to sustain larva
➢
Early hatching > larva
➢
Example include caecilian, frogs, newts, salamanders

Answer 213

amphibians

Question 214

in them, yolk remains uncleaved, eggs are laid in water; yolk sac is the only fetal membrane found

Answer 214

fishes

Question 215

➢
Yolk sac – formed from 3 germ layers to absorb the yolk into the body
➢
Respiration and excretion are direct contract with environment

Answer 215

fishes

Question 216

in them, there is a primitive streak, extraembryonic, mesoderm splits, forms extraembryonic coelom, splanchnoleure

Answer 216

reptiles and birds

Question 217

Splanchnopleure + adjacent yolk ++

Answer 217

yolk sac

Question 218

– under the shell; near the chorioallantoic membrane

Answer 218

allantois

Question 219

Respiration, receives excretory wates; absorbs albumen takes some minerals from the shell

Answer 219

allantois

Question 220

Somatopleure + head fold of amnion =

Answer 220

chorion
amnion

Question 221

“water bag” contains amniotic fluid that bathes the embryo; cushions the embryo

Answer 221

amnion

Question 222

nourish their young in uterus, exchange and nutrition of fetus occurs between fetal and maternal bloodstream by placenta

Answer 222

placental mammals

Question 223

vascularized (blood vessels) supplies nutrition to placenta

Answer 223

yolk sac and allantois

Question 224

avascular (no blood vessels) cannot support placenta

Answer 224

chorion and amnion

Question 225

homologous to umbilical circulation (mammals)

Answer 225

allantoic circulation

Question 226

sac filled with amniotic fluid bathes the fetus; allows the early fetus to move freely and protects the fetus from pressure of maternal abdomen

Answer 226

amnion

Question 227

collective term for reptiles, birds and mammals because the possess amnion

Answer 227

amniotes

Question 228

chorion (lies between allantois and uterus) incorporated into the placenta, chorioallantoic membrane

Answer 228

maternal contribution

Question 229

allantois (in most mammals) as fetus grows, allantois decreases in size

Answer 229

fetal contribution

Question 230

egg laying mammals, deposit eggs in pouch

Answer 230

protherians

Question 231

marsupials (pouched mammals) no typical placenta

Answer 231

metatherians

Question 232

includes the skin and the related structures that cover and protect the bodies of animals

Answer 232

integumentary system

Question 233

the integument of these group of animals includes shells and exoskeletons as body covering

Answer 233

invertebrates

Question 234

the integument of these group of animals include skin, scales, feathers, hair, and glands

Answer 234

vertebrates

Question 235

its integument is made up of skin that includes glands, hair, and nails

Answer 235

human

Question 236

in humans, this protects the body, prevents, water loss, regulates body temperature, and senses the external environment

Answer 236

skin

Question 237

Evolutionary adaptations of the integumentary system:

Answer 237

regulation of body temp
excretion of waste materials
vitamin D formation via UV radiation
reception of environmental stimuli
locomotion
movement of nutrients and gas

Question 238

outer covering of the body of vertebrates

Answer 238

integument

Question 239

Commonly referred to as skin

Answer 239

integument

Question 240

Include the mucous membrane lining of the mouth, eyelids, nostrils, and the openings of rectum and urogenital organs

Answer 240

integument

Question 241

Forms the interface between organisms and the external environment

Answer 241

integument

Question 242

Integument consists of two layers

Answer 242

epidermis
dermis

Question 243

between the epidermis and dermis this lies

Answer 243

basal membrane

Question 244

underlying support where epithelial cells are rested

Answer 244

basement membrane

Question 245

Demarcates the underlying connective tissue from epithelium

Answer 245

basement membrae

Question 246

membrane proteins of the epithelial cells are anchored in basal lamina, has two 2 major glycoproteins

Answer 246

basal lamina

Question 247

▪
Laminin
▪
Type IV collagen
▪
Acts as selectively permeable filter between epidermis and dermis connective tissue

Answer 247

basal lamina

Question 248

reticular fibers embedded in ground substance that connect the basal lamina with the underlying CT

Answer 248

reticular lamina

Question 249

*r – layer under the dermis that is made up of very loose connective and adipose tissue

Answer 249

Hypodermis or subcutaneous laye

Question 250

what is converted to vitamin D in skin

Answer 250

cholesterol

Question 251

– arises from ectoderm

Answer 251

epidermis

Question 252

attached to basement membrane, it actively cell divides to replenish the outer periderm

Answer 252

stratum germinativum

Question 253

Differentiates into stratified layer with mucous or keratin coat on the outer surface (prevent desiccation)

Answer 253

epidermis

Question 254

origin varies (layer of skin)

Answer 254

dermis

Question 255

principal origin, from the outer wall of dermomyotome of somites

Answer 255

dermatome

Question 256

form dermatome that settles under the epidermis, some may have stratum compactum that have diffuse, irregular collagen bundles

Answer 256

connective tissue of dermis

Question 257

beneath the dermis, forms the fascia composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Answer 257

hypodermis

Question 258

provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection

Answer 258

epidermis

Question 259

serves as a location for appendages of skin

Answer 259

dermis

Question 260

called the basement membrane

Answer 260

hypodermis

Question 261

composed of epithelial cells derived from ectoderm

Answer 261

epidermis

Question 262

Serve as the interface between the organism and environment

Answer 262

epidermis

Question 263

Made up of stratified squamous layer of epithelial cells

Answer 263

epidermis

Question 264

in them, epidermis is covered by a thin coat of mucus and contains unicellular glands

Answer 264

aquatic vertebrates

Question 265

in them, epidermis is covered by a dead, water resistant cornified cells (s. corneum)

Answer 265

terrestrial vertebrates

Question 266

outermost; composed of dead cells; keratinized

Answer 266

stratum corneum

Question 267

Keratinized layer of skin responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemical and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection

Answer 267

stratum corneum

Question 268

translucent layer, composed of flat, dead and non-nucleated cells

Answer 268

stratum lucidum

Question 269

– composed of keratohyaline granules

Answer 269

stratum granulosum

Question 270

prickle cell layer; composed of Langerhans cells

Answer 270

stratum spinosum

Question 271

inner layer, composed of actively dividing cells

Answer 271

stratum germinativum

Question 272

90 percent of epidermal cells; produce keratin

Answer 272

keratinocytes

Question 273

8 percent of epidermal cells; produce melanin

Answer 273

melanocytes

Question 274

capable of trapping antigen in the skin

Answer 274

langerhans cells

Question 275

make contact with the ending of a sensory neuron

Answer 275

merkel cells

Question 276

lies below the epidermis and contains an umber of structures including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, and lymphatic tissue

Answer 276

dermis

Question 277

Consist of loose connective tissue otherwise called areolar connective tissue – collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers are present

Answer 277

dermis

Question 278

Provides tensile strength and physiologic support for the interfacing epidermis

Answer 278

dermis

Question 279

Has an ancient and persistent potential to form bone

Answer 279

dermis

Question 280

also known as hypodermis, not part of the skin, lies below the dermis

Answer 280

subcutaneous layer

Question 281

Purpose is to attach the skin to the underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves

Answer 281

subcutaneous layer

Question 282

Consist of loose connective tissue and elastin

Answer 282

hypodermis

Question 283

main cell types of hypodermis

Answer 283

macrophages
fibroblast
adipocytes

Question 284

Contains 50 percent of body fat

Answer 284

hypodermis

Question 285

serves as a padding and insulation for the body

Answer 285

dermis

Question 286

provides concealing coloration to the integument

Answer 286

chromatophore

Question 287

Occurs in certain cells in a form of small granules contained in chromatophores (pigment-bearing cells)

Answer 287

chromatophore

Question 288

Pigment-bearing cells of lower vertebrates, including fish that cater the ability of individual animals to shift body coloration and pattern

Answer 288

chromatophore

Question 289

color change provides this protection

Answer 289

camouflage

Question 290

Pigment granules are dispersed = greatest/less amount of color

Answer 290

greatest amount color

Question 291

Pigment granules are concentrated about the nucleus =

Answer 291

greater/ less amount of color

Question 292

such as in octopi, have pigments that are attached to muscles in which the brain can control

Answer 292

underwater chromatophore

Question 293

skin color depends on the background color of this layer of the skin

Answer 293

stratum germinativum

Question 294

ability to change color, controlled by the endocrine and nervous system

Answer 294

metachromatosis

Question 295

pigment cell that ranges from yellow, brown, to black

Answer 295

melanophores

Question 296

Chiefly found in S. basale

Answer 296

melanophores

Question 297

protects the chromosomes of mitotically active basal cell against light
-induced damaged

Answer 297

melanin

Question 298

Ectodermal in origin, but are derived exclusively in neural crest of embryo, from where they migrate to all other parts of the body

Answer 298

melanophores

Question 299

phagocytize pigment as it accumulates them especially when skin is exposed to sun

Answer 299

basal cells

Question 300

seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot

Answer 300

freckles or mole

Question 301

not just under the control of light, as hormones produced by the pituitary and the adrenal glands also affect pigmentation

Answer 301

pigmentation

Question 302

Disease of two ____organs can result in changes of pigmentation of the skin

Answer 302

endocrine

Question 303

includes carotenoids, xanthophores, and erythropores

Answer 303

lipophores

Question 304

pigment colored yellow, orange, and red

Answer 304

carotenoids

Question 305

yellow pigment

Answer 305

xanthophores

Question 306

red pigment

Answer 306

erythrophores

Question 307

causes iridescence in vertebrates (fishes)

Answer 307

iridophores and guanophores

Question 308

Contains guanin (purine) crystals

Answer 308

iridophores

Question 309

–from s. germinativum (epidermis) comprising of exocrine glands

Answer 309

grandular epithelium

Question 310

have ducts that directly empties onto the epithelium

Answer 310

exocrine

Question 311

Type of glands as to composition

Answer 311

unicellular
multicellular

Question 312

single-celled mucus-secreting glands

Answer 312

unicellular gland

Question 313

growth of s. germinativum (epidermis) into dermal region

what kind of gland

Answer 313

multicellular gland

Question 314

example of unicellular gland

Answer 314

goblet cell

Question 315

elongated, binucleated (in amphibians), secretes mucus and may contain chemicals that stimulates alarm or fea

Answer 315

club cells

Question 316

secreted by individuals in captivity as warning to others

Answer 316

club cells

Question 317

secretes mucus in skin (lampreys and other fishes)

Answer 317

granular cells

Question 318

narrow apical end, wide base (Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes)

Answer 318

goblet cells

Question 319

secrete large, membrane-bound toxic products to repel enemies

Answer 319

sacciform

Question 320

lands with a tube-like shape throughout their length

Answer 320

tubular gland

Question 321

Types of tubular gland (4)

Answer 321

simple
simple coiled
simple branched
compound tubular

Question 322

short blind tubes located in the dermis and extend to the surface

tubular gland?

Answer 322

simple tubular

Question 323

example include thumb pads (anurans) and ceruminous gland

Answer 323

simple tubular

Question 324

long, narrow tube, coiled distal end located in the dermis, openings are referred to as pores of the
skin

Answer 324

simple coiled

Question 325

sweat gland is what kind of tubular gland

Answer 325

simple coiled

Question 326

divides at its distal ends in two or more branches

Answer 326

simple branched

Question 327

Sweat glands in the axilla

Answer 327

simple branched

Question 328

consist of varying number of simple tubular glands

Answer 328

compound tubular

Question 329

mammary gland is an example of

Answer 329

compound tubular

Question 330

glands with a saclike secretory portion

Answer 330

saccular (alveolar) glands

Question 331

only one expanded bulb or acinus at the end of the duct

Answer 331

simple saccular

Question 332

Mucous and poison glands (amphibians)

Answer 332

simple saccular

Question 333

with several acini arranged along a single excretory duct, with single acinus divided by partitions into several smaller acini

Answer 333

simple branched

Question 334

a type of sebaceous gland with tubulo-acinar structure and holocrine function, located in the superior and inferior tarsal plates) , sebaceous or oil glands

Answer 334

Meibomian glands

Question 335

composed of several simple saccular glands called lobules

Answer 335

compound sacular

Question 336

true glands; not destroyed during secretion

Answer 336

merocrine glands

Question 337

type of glands as to method of secretion

Answer 337

Holocrine glands
Merocrine glands
Apocrine glands

Question 338

type of gland as to method of secretion of sweat gland

Answer 338

merocrine

Question 339

part of the cell is destroyed that go with the secretion

Answer 339

apocrine gland

Question 340

entire cell goes with the secretion but a new cell is produced to replace it

Answer 340

holocrine gland

Question 341

Sebaceous or oil gland

type of gland as to secretion

Answer 341

holocrine gland

Question 342

Apical portion of cells are pinched off and lost during the secretory process, resulting in a product that contains molecular components of the membrane

Answer 342

holocrine gland

Question 343

Involve the death of the cell as the secretory cell is released and it breaks apart

Answer 343

holocrine gland

Question 344

– secrete mucus, examples include unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates and some simple saccular gland of fishes and amphibians

Answer 344

mucous gland

Question 345

secrete watery substance

Answer 345

serous gland

Question 346

also known as sudoriferous gland

Answer 346

serous gland

Question 347

secrete oily substance

Answer 347

sebaceous gland

Question 348

uropygial gland of birds

what ype of gland

Answer 348

sebaceous gland

Question 349

ceruminous glands and meibomian glands of humans

Answer 349

sebaceous gland

Question 350

formed from stratum germinativum, characteristic of terrestrial tetrapods

type of scale

Answer 350

epidermal scales

Question 351

usually shed and replaced from time to time

Answer 351

epidermal scale

Question 352

scutes of turtles and snakes

type of scale?

Answer 352

epidermal

Question 353

mesenchymal origin

type of scale

Answer 353

dermal scale

Question 354

fishes’ scales

type of scale?

Answer 354

dermal scale

Question 355

small, thick scales possessed only by Latimeria (lobe-finned fish)

Answer 355

cosmoid scale

Question 356

thick layer of cosmoid scale

Answer 356

cosmine

Question 357

thin layer of cosmoid scale

Answer 357

enamel

Question 358

consist of a basal plate embedded in the dermis with a caudally directed spine projecting to the epidermis

Answer 358

placoid

Question 359

– part of placoid scale that contains a central pulp cavity for blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymph channels from dermis

Answer 359

spine

Question 360

plate and spine is made up of what material (placoid)

Answer 360

dentine

Question 361

covers the spine in placoid scale

Answer 361

enamel

Question 362

modification include shark teeth; dorsal fin spines

Answer 362

placoid scale

Question 363

rhomboidal in shape, composed of bones

Answer 363

rhomboid/ganoid

Question 364

shiny material covering ganoid scales

Answer 364

ganoin

Question 365

found in gars, sturgeons, paddle fish, red fish, bichirs

type of scale

Answer 365

rhomboid

Question 366

bony layer is characterized by concentric ridges (growth increments), anterior portion is embedded to the dermis, allow increased flexibility of the body

Answer 366

ctenoid

Question 367

with comb-like or serrated edges along the rear margins

Answer 367

ctenoid

Question 368

scale that has a smooth rear margin

Answer 368

teleost or bony fish scales

Question 369

skin of these organisms is non-keratinized and covered by a mucus cuticle

Answer 369

fish

Question 370

function of the mucus cuticle in fishes:

Answer 370

➢prevents penetration of bacteria
➢contributes to the laminar flow of water across the surface
➢make fish slippery to predators
➢includes chemicals that are repugnant or toxic to enemies

Question 371

part of the layer of skin of fishes that is alive and active on body surface, no superficial layer of keratinized cells

Answer 371

epidermis

Question 372

in fish, mitosis is not restricted to the basal layer

true or false?

Answer 372

true

Question 373

two types of cells in epidermis in fishes

Answer 373

epidermal cells
specialized unicellular glands

Question 374

make up stratified epidermis

Answer 374

epidermal cells

Question 375

connected through junctions containing numerous secretory vesicles that are released to the surface

Answer 375

specialized unicellular glands

Question 376

in them, the epidermis is composed of stacked layers of numerous epidermal cells containing large granular cells and elongated club cells

Answer 376

hagfish and lampreys

Question 377

their dermis is organized into regular layers of fibrous connective tissue containing pigment cells

Answer 377

hagfish and lampreys

Question 378

contain multicellular slime glands (hagfishes

Answer 378

hagfish and lampreys

Question 379

include a basal layer of cells and stratified epidermal cells above, secretory and club cells occur contributing to the mucous cuticle, there is a larger saciform cell

Answer 379

osetichthyes

Question 380

Dermis is subdivided into superficial layer of loose connective tissue and deep
layer of dense fibrous tissue

which type of fishes?

Answer 380

Osteichthyes

Question 381

numerous secretory cells and stratified epidermal cells are present in this organism’s epidermis, there is also chromatophore in the lower part

Answer 381

Chondrichthytes

Question 382

Dermis composed of elastic and collagen fibers giving the skin strength and prevents it from wrinkling during swimming

Answer 382

Chondrichthytes

Question 383

also known as goniochromism is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change color as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes

Answer 383

Iridescence

Question 384

guanin (purine crystal); causes iridescence in fishes

Answer 384

Guanophores

Question 385

its integument can be used as a respiratory surface (cutaneous respiration)

Answer 385

amphibians

Question 386

Frog, salamander, caecilian, toad, and newt

Answer 386

amphibians

Question 387

divided into four layers: in amphibians

Answer 387

epidermis

Question 388

thin allowing cutaneous respiration in amphibians

Answer 388

stratum corneum

Question 389

four epidermal layers of amphibians

Answer 389

s. basale
s. spinosum
s. granulosum
s. corneum

Question 390

reach into the lower part for cutaneous respiration

Answer 390

capillary beds

Question 391

thinner, composed of fibrous connective layer in amphibians, divided into 2 layers:

Answer 391

dermis

Question 392

two dermal layers in amphibians

Answer 392

stratum spongiosum
stratum compactum

Question 393

its integument is more adapted to terrestrial existence that amphibians

Answer 393

reptiles

Question 394

There is extensive keratinization, fewer skin glands

Answer 394

reptiles

Question 395

Turtle, skink, tortoise, snake, chameleon, lizard, crocodile, gecko

Answer 395

reptiles

Question 396

reptile epidermis is divided into three layers

Answer 396

s. basale
s. granulosum
s. corneum

Question 397

where epidermal scales are present in reptiles

Answer 397

stratum corneum

Question 398

dermal bones located under the epidermal scale are found in crocodiles, some lizards, and some extinct reptiles

Answer 398

dermis

Question 399

Composed of fibrous connective tissue

Answer 399

dermis

Question 400

large, plate-like scales modified into crests, spines, or horn-like processes

Answer 400

scutes

Question 401

shedding of cornified layer of the skin

Answer 401

molting or ecdysis

Question 402

Usually periodic and complete in snakes and some lizards but often only partial in other species

Answer 402

molting or ecdysis

Question 403

Dependent upon the health of the snake, the ambient temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors

Answer 403

molting or ecdysis

Question 404

in molting, duplicates the deeper layer of granulosum and corneum forming new skin

Answer 404

s. basale

Question 405

temp. layer filled with WBC that isf formed between old and new skin

Answer 405

stratum intermediu

Question 406

promote the sseparation and loss of the old superficial layer of the skin

Answer 406

WBC

Question 407

bony plate inside the skin in alligators

Answer 407

osteoderms

Question 408

in reptiles, are restricted to certain areas of the body, important in reproductive behavior and protection

Answer 408

skin glands

Question 409

– found along the underside of hindlimbs in thigh region of lizards

Answer 409

femoral glands

Question 410

open into the cloaca and on to the margins of the lower jaw in crocodiles and in some turtles

Answer 410

scent glands

Question 411

their integument is adapted to free movement over the muscles

Answer 411

birds

Question 412

➢
delicate except in exposed areas (leg and feet)
➢
covered and protected by feathers

Answer 412

bird integument

Question 413

composed of stratum basale, transitional layer, and stratum corneum

Answer 413

epidermis

Question 414

richly supplied with blood vessels, sensory nerves, and smooth muscles

Answer 414

dermis

Question 415

highly vascularized dermis in the breast during brooding season

Answer 415

brood patches

Question 416

secretes lipid and protein products used in preening to make the feathers weather repellent

Answer 416

uropygial gland

Question 417

located in or on the skull usually in the eyes, nose, or mouth containing secretory tubules which radiate outward from the excretory canal at the center (2), excrete excess salt

Answer 417

salt gland

Question 418

epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on dinosaurs, both avian (bird) and some non-avian (non-bird) and possibly other archosauromorphs

Answer 418

feathers

Question 419

maintenance behavior found in birds that involves the use of the beak to position feathers, interlock feather barbules that have become separated, clean plumage, and keep ectoparasites in check

Answer 419

preening

Question 420

– group of animals that have feathers

Answer 420

aves

Question 421

modified reptilian scales, formed from the beta-keratin layer of the epidermis

Answer 421

feathers

Question 422

Long, slender shaft with few barbs at distal end

Answer 422

feathers

Question 423

part of the feather embedded in skin

Answer 423

quill or calamus

Question 424

their feathers are unusual in length

Answer 424

peacocks

Question 425

– very small and have only a very few barbs at their tips, they are believed to have a sensory function, helping birds keep their feathers in order

Answer 425

filoplume

Question 426

smaller and lack the barbules and their accompanying hooklets so they are not zipped together and do not look as neat

Answer 426

down feathers

Question 427

Soft and fluffy, Provide most of the insulation to the avian body

Answer 427

down feathers

Question 428

feather present in Falcon

Answer 428

semiplume

Question 429

arise from feather tracts or pterylae

Answer 429

contour feather or plumae

Question 430

hollow quill, embedded in the skin, long shaft

Answer 430

calamus

Question 431

solid part that bears the vane of the feather

Answer 431

rachis

Question 432

part of the feather that is broad, flat portion-exposed

Answer 432

vane

Question 433

Gives avian body outline or contour

Answer 433

vane

Question 434

contour feather on the wings

Answer 434

flight feathers or remiges

Question 435

feathers on the tail

Answer 435

retrices

Question 436

Common in most birds except penguins and ostriches

Answer 436

retrices

Question 437

part of the bird’s skin that does not have feather

Answer 437

apterylae

Question 438

with minute feathers or insulation but not for flight or swimming

Answer 438

penguin feathers

Question 439

derived from the epidermis in beavers

Answer 439

beaver-tail

Question 440

homologous to fingernails in amniotes

Answer 440

hooves

Question 441

made of bone

Answer 441

antlers

Question 442

not bone, do not fall off each year

Answer 442

horns

Question 443

stratified squamous (keratinized)

Answer 443

epithelial tissue

Question 444

glue-like layer

Answer 444

basement membrane

Question 445

dense, fibrous, connective tissue, blood vessel, nerves etc. is present in this layer

Answer 445

connective tissue

Question 446

layer of superficial fascia, subcutaneous tissue

Answer 446

areolar or adiposte tissue

Question 447

ectoderm origin

Answer 447

epidermis

Question 448

mesoderm origin

Answer 448

dermis

Question 449

elongated, binucleated (amphibians), secretes mucus, may contain chemicals that stimulates alarm or fear

Answer 449

club cells

Question 450

secretes mucus in skin (lampreys and other fishes)

Answer 450

granular cells

Question 451

narrow apical end, wide base (Osteichthyes & chonrichthyes), secretes mucus

Answer 451

goblet cells

Question 452

secrete large, membrane-bound toxic products to repel enemies

Answer 452

sacciform cells

Question 453

Multicellular exocrine glands can be further divided on branching pattern of ducts:

Answer 453

simple
compound

Question 454

formed in the s. germinativum, found in terrestrial tetrapods, shed and replaced from time to time (ecdysis)

Answer 454

epidermal cells

Question 455

derives from dermal bone, dermatome origin

Answer 455

dermal scales

Question 456

skin of these group of animals are non-keratinized and covered with mucus cuticle

Answer 456

integument of fishes

Question 457

alive and active on body surface, no superficial layer of dead keratinized cells

Answer 457

epidermis of fishes

Question 458

more adapted to terrestrial environment, extensive keratinization, fewer skin glands

Answer 458

integument of reptiles

Question 459

permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals that consist of covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone

Answer 459

horn

Question 460

single structure composed of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and blood vessels

Answer 460

antlers

Question 461

single protrusions without forking, grow throughout the animal’s life and are never shed, made of
bone covered by keratin sheath

Answer 461

horns

Question 462

extensions of the animal’s skull, made entirely of bone, shed and regrown in a larger size each year

Answer 462

antlers

Question 463

tip of a toe of a ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny keratin covering

Answer 463

hooves

Question 464

amphibians integument undergoes molting or ecdysis because of extensive keratinization

Answer 464

false

Question 465

which of the ff describes the epidermis of terrestrial vertebrates

unicellular with keratinized epithelium
unicellular with nonkeratinized epithelium
multicellular with keratnizined epithelium
multicellular with nonkeratnized epithelium

Answer 465

multicellular with keratinized

Question 466

dermis of crocordiles and lizaerds are composed of connective tissues and dermal bone

true or false?

Answer 466

true

Question 467

cells are epidermal cells that serve as our immune sentinels

Answer 467

langerhans

Question 468

unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates

Answer 468

mucous gland

Question 469

vascular segment of integumentary system is called ___

Answer 469

dermis

Question 470

reptiles exhibits more keratinized skin with more glands

true or false

Answer 470

false

Question 471

secretes oil used for preening makes the feather water repellant

Answer 471

uropygial gland

Question 472

skin of most fish is non-keratinized and covered with mucus cuticle (True/False)

Answer 472

true

Question 473

sweat gland type of gland as to type of secretion

Answer 473

merocrine

Question 474

oil gland as to type of secretion

Answer 474

holocrine

Question 475

mammary gland as to type of secretion

Answer 475

apocrine

Question 476

match the ff

sebaceous gland
apocrine gland
serous gland
alveolar gland
mucous gland

sweat gland
mammary gland
unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates
meibomian gland
poison gland

Answer 476

sebaceous - meibomian
apocrine - mammary
serous - sweat
alveolar - poison
mucous - unicellular

Question 477

why is studying the morphology of bones important

Answer 477

reveals evol trend of vertebrate phylogeny, specific adaptations of vertebrates essentrial fore their survival such as posture and locomotion

Question 478

Origins & insertions of most skeletal muscles are on
_____ (basis for naming muscles)

Answer 478

bones

Question 479

reveal various
sizes and courses of cranial nerves (senses)

Answer 479

foramina

Question 480

Important blood vessels pass also through ____
for nutrient supply

Answer 480

foramina

Question 481

reveal relative development of the different
structures of the brain.

Answer 481

braincase

Question 482

housed also in the braincase such as
nasal chambers (choanae), orbits (eye cavity) and otic
(ear) cavities.

Answer 482

sense organs

Question 483

choanae

Answer 483

nasal chambers

Question 484

eye cavity

Answer 484

orbits

Question 485

earcavities

Answer 485

otic

Question 486

give shape to the body, support body weight

Answer 486

bones

Question 487

As protective & supportive system, it can be divided
into 2 types

Answer 487

exoskeleton
endoskeleton

Question 488

external hard covering

Answer 488

exoskeleton

Question 489

Skin-derived: epidermis gives rise to keratin,
dermis gives rise to bones.

Answer 489

exoskeleton

Question 490

internal body framework

Answer 490

endoskeleton

Question 491

Formed from mesoderm, not directly from the
integument

Answer 491

endoskeleton

Question 492

Skeleton can be divided into:

Answer 492

Cranial
Postcranial

Question 493

Skull or Cranium

Answer 493

cranal skeleton

Question 494

otochord, vertebral column, ribs,
sternum

Answer 494

axial skeleton

Question 495

median fin skeletons
(fishes), pectoral & pelvic girdles, paired fins
skeleton, upper and lower limbs (tetrapods)

Answer 495

appendicular skeleton

Question 496

calcium source

type of skeleton (composition

Answer 496

Mineralized CT

Question 497

dentin, enamel, cartilage, bony
mode

Answer 497

Mineralized CT

Question 498

differentiated into
scleroblasts

Answer 498

Mesenchyme

Question 499

anlagen of osteoblasts
(bones), chondroblasts (cartilage), odontoblasts
(dentin), ameloblasts (enamel)

Answer 499

scleroblast (blastema)

Question 500

cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

Answer 500

osteoblast

Question 501

cells that play an important role in the formation of cartilage

Answer 501

chondroblast

Question 502

re tall columnar cells located at the periphery of the dental pulp.

Answer 502

odontoblast

Question 503

cells present only during tooth development that deposit tooth enam

Answer 503

ameloblast

Question 504

irregularly shaped cells, in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers, gives rise to all other types of connective tissue

Answer 504

mesenchyme

Question 505

comprise endoskeleton of higher
vertebrates

Answer 505

special connective tissue

Question 506

differentiates
into muscle, cartilage or bone  develop into either
fibroblasts or osteoblasts

Answer 506

blastema

Question 507

form collagen

Answer 507

fibroblast

Question 508

impregnated with calcium and inorganic salts
(30% of bony tissue); calcium hydroxyapatite
crystals (60% of the bone) provide compressive
strength for the bone

Answer 508

matrix

Question 509

30 percent of bone tissue

Answer 509

calcium and inorganic salts

Question 510

60 percent of the bone

Answer 510

calcium hydroxyapatite

Question 511

housed in lacunae with bony matrix

Answer 511

osteoblasts

Question 512

are a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae, canals surrounding lamellae

Answer 512

haversian canals

Question 513

cell that maintains bone tissue

Answer 513

osteocyte

Question 514

cell that form bone matrix

Answer 514

osteoblast

Question 515

stem gell in bones

Answer 515

osteogenic cell

Question 516

resorbs bone

Answer 516

osteoclast

Question 517

type of bones

Answer 517

hard bone/compact bone
spongy bone

Question 518

concentric rings of matrix around the haversian canal

Answer 518

lamellae

Question 519

passage for blood vessels and nerves

Answer 519

haversian canal

Question 520

structures that contain each osteocyte

Answer 520

lacunae

Question 521

tiny canals protruding from the lacunae connecting access to haversian canal via lamellae, since the haversian canal allows access to blood vessels for nutrient supply

Answer 521

canaliculi

Question 522

type of growth since insterstitial growth is inhibited by the presence of rigid matrix, deposition of minerals and inorganic salts

Answer 522

appositional growth

Question 523

bones are formed in two ways:

Answer 523

intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification

Question 524

process by which membrane bones are formed such as bones of the lower jaw, skull, and pectoral girdle

Answer 524

intramembranous ossifiction

Question 525

ossification in teleost, urodeles, and apodans

Answer 525

intramembranous ossification

Question 526

process by which bone is
deposited in pre-existing cartilage forming a cartilage
bone or a replacement bone.

Answer 526

endochondral ossification

Question 527

A model for the formation of endoskeleton in ALL
vertebrates

Answer 527

cartilage

Question 528

differentiates into
chondroblasts (young cartilage cells) or osteoblasts
(young bone cells)

Answer 528

blastema (mesenchymal cells)

Question 529

young cartilage cells

Answer 529

chondroblast

Question 530

young bone cells

Answer 530

osteoblast

Question 531

housed in lacunae
(spaces)  develops into chondrocyte or osteocyte

Answer 531

chondroblasts and osteoblasts

Question 532

secrete a clear matrix

Answer 532

chondrocytes

Question 533

where each
daughter cell forms matrix & cartilage grows

Answer 533

instertitial growth

Question 534

cartilage in the adult body

Answer 534

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Question 535

most abundant type of cartilage

Answer 535

hyaline

Question 536

example of hyaline cartilage

Answer 536

ribs (costal cartilage)
articular surface of bones
larynx
trachea
bronchi

Question 537

Contains more elastin fibers (cartilage)

Answer 537

elastic cartilage

Question 538

location of elastic cartilage

Answer 538

external ear
epiglottis

Question 539

Fibrous attachment in between bones, and
attachment of tendons and ligaments.

(cartilage)

Answer 539

fibrocartilage

Question 540

fibrocartilagei s present in

Answer 540

invertebral discs
attachment of tendons and ligaments

Question 541

exoskeleton can be (@)

Answer 541

keratinized exoskeleton
bony exoskeleton

Question 542

cranial skeleto ncan be (3)

Answer 542

splanchnocranium
chondrocranium
dermatocranium

Question 543

Cranial skeleton
Jaw
Centra & Vertebral Column
Ribs & Sternum

Answer 543

axial skeleton

Question 544

Pectoral and Pelvic girdles
Upper and Lower limbs

Answer 544

appendicular skeleton

Question 545

skeletal framework of a vertebrate head

Answer 545

skull

Question 546

has a skull consisting of a braincase and cartilages of the tongue

Answer 546

lamprey

Question 547

skull made of a braincase and isolated upper and lower jaw bars

Answer 547

shark

Question 548

embryonic component that includes cartilaginous brain case or neurocranium
and cartilaginous capsules of olfactory, optic, and
otic sense organs. The chondrocranium is replaced
by bones in most vertebrates

Answer 548

chondrocranium

Question 549

is derived from the visceral or pharyngeal skeleton
which is cartilaginous but becomes largely replaced
or invested by bones in higher forms. It provides
support to the gills and forms the jaws and
suspensorium in gnathostomes.

Answer 549

splanchnorcranium

Question 550

It consists of dermal bones which become attached
to the chondrocranium and splancnocranium in bony
fishes and tetrapoda. A dermatocranium is absent in
cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, and a few higher
fishes because the entire skull is cartilaginous.

Answer 550

dermatocranium

Question 551

Make up the skeleton of the jaws & gills in fishes &
amphibians

Answer 551

splanchnocranium

Question 552

establishes a supportive
platform that is joined by the contributions from
Splanchnocranium (green), the epipterygoid.

Answer 552

chondrocranium

Question 553

gives rise to articular,
quadrate, hyomandibula & hyoid apparatus.

Answer 553

splanchnocranium

Question 554

encases most of the
chondrocranium together with contributions from
the splanchnocranium

Answer 554

dermatocranium

Question 555

any small oepning or pore

Answer 555

fenestra

Question 556

has been the most problematic, partly
because the origin of this condition has long been
debated.

Answer 556

euryapsid

Question 557

This skull is modified from the ___
condition

Answer 557

diapsid

Question 558

possess only an upper temporal fenestra, usually
bordered by the parietal, postfrontal, postorbital, and
squamosal. - Ex: Placodonts, nothosaurs, and
plesiosaurs (marine reptiles of the Mesozoic era)

Answer 558

euryapsid

Question 559

possess single temporal fenestra bordered by the
jugal, postorbital, and squamosal. The quadratojugal
and the parietal occasionally contribute to the edge of
this fenestra. (Ex: mammals, therapsids &
pelycosaurs=fin-backed lizard)

Answer 559

synapsid

Question 560

this fenestra can be called a lower
temporal fenestra

Answer 560

diapsid

Question 561

is derived from the most anterior
two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and
usually bears numerous teeth

Answer 561

vertebrate jaw

Question 562

jawless fishes

Answer 562

agnaths

Question 563

theory that states jaw formed from 1 anterior branchial
arches

Answer 563

serial theory

Question 564

theory stating mandibular arch - formed from
several adjacent arches (neurocranium)

Answer 564

composite theory

Question 565

ormed from
epibranchial(premandibular arch) & Epibranchial &
pharyngobranchial(mandibular arch)

Answer 565

palatoquadrate

Question 566

formed from ceratobranchial

Answer 566

meckel’s cartilage

Question 567

formed from epi/cerato/
hypobranchial (3rd gill

Answer 567

hyoid arch

Question 568

jaw attachment with no suspension to the skull

Answer 568

plasteostyly

Question 569

mandibular
arch suspended by ligaments between
chondrocranium and palatoquadrate; attached
directly to skull but no hyoid arch support.

Answer 569

euautostyly

Question 570

(primitive sharks, some osteichthyes,
crossopterygians or lobe-finned fish) dual suspension by palatoquadrate and hyomandibula; 2
articulations with hyomandibula.

Answer 570

amphistyly

Question 571

(modern sharks and actinopterygians):
suspension by hyomandibula; supported by
sympletic bone - provides more mobile upper jaw

Answer 571

hyostyly

Question 572

(most amphibians, reptiles)
suspension by quadrate bone (ossification of
posterior region of palatoquadrate cartilage).

Answer 572

metautostyly

Question 573

the ossification of the posterior
part of Meckel’s cartilage.

Answer 573

articular bone

Question 574

the jaws are mostly dermal
elements. Metautostyly frees up the
hyomandibular for other functions (see below).

Answer 574

tetrapods

Question 575

Support from quadrate and palatoquadrate bones

Answer 575

metautostyly

Question 576

entire upper jaw
incorporated into braincase and lower jaw is
suspended. The mammals’ jaws are completely
dermal. The Meckel’s cartilage and palatoquadrate
ossifications are in the middle ear.

Answer 576

craniostyly

Question 577

in Teleosts; supported also by
the hyomandibula

Answer 577

modified hyostyly

Question 578

Forms the main axis of the body

Answer 578

axial skeleton

Question 579

Composed of the notochord, vertebral column, ribs
and the sternum

Answer 579

axial skeleton

Question 580

The primitive axial skeleton, replaced by the
vertebral column

Answer 580

notochord

Question 581

Unsegmented and composed of dense fibrous
connective tissue

Answer 581

notochord

Question 582

The first skeletal element to appear in the embryo of
chordates

Answer 582

notochord

Question 583

composed of a centrum, one or two
arches and various processes

Answer 583

vertebra

Question 584

vertebral colum originated from where

Answer 584

notochord

Question 585

structure of vertebral column that accomodate rib, and lateral process

Answer 585

centrum

Question 586

head of the rib in v.c.

Answer 586

capitulum

Question 587

arches in v.c.

Answer 587

neural arch
haemal arch

Question 588

arch surrounds blood vessels

Answer 588

haemal arch

Question 589

type of vertebra based on centra:

no centra

Answer 589

aspondyly

Question 590

type of vertebra
1 centrum

Answer 590

monospondyly

Question 591

type of vertebra with two centra

Answer 591

diplospondyly

Question 592

type of vertebra with 5 to 6 centra

Answer 592

polyspondyly

Question 593

type of vertebra with centra/spine separate

Answer 593

aspidospondyly

Question 594

type of vertebra with fused centra

Answer 594

holospondyly

Question 595

type of centra based on shapes

Answer 595

flat ended
concave

Question 596

type of centra that limit motion, withstand compression

Answer 596

flat-ended

Question 597

type of centra that permits any direction, vertical and lateral flexion, but prevent rotation

Answer 597

concave

Question 598

type of centra that is concave, both ends permit any direction

Answer 598

amphiocoelus

Question 599

type of centra that is concave, convex, permits any direction

Answer 599

procoeous

Question 600

saddle shaped centrum

Answer 600

heterocoelous

Question 601

flat-ended; withstand compression

Answer 601

mammals

Question 602

tail in sharrks

Answer 602

heterocercal tail

Question 603

tail in lungfishes

Answer 603

diphycercal

Question 604

tail in teleost

Answer 604

homocercal tail

Question 605

This foramen is where sciatic nerve passes through
that innervates the lower limbs

Answer 605

obturator foramen

Question 606

Upright and improved locomotion of mammals is
through well-developed and greater sciatic nerve,
thus this has to increase in size.

Answer 606

obturator formaen

Question 607

type of gait

Answer 607

plantigrade
digitigrade
unguligrade

Question 608

• entire sole touches the ground
  • primitive type
  • humans

Answer 608

humans

Question 609

• metacarpals & metatarsals with

   pads

  • elevated wrists & ankles
  • reduced thumb
  • rabbits; cats

Answer 609

digitigrade

Question 610

m is a group of organs that originates
from the endodermic cells of the developing embryo. The
organs of the skeletal system (osteo-) is primarily
composed of two (2) types of cells which are
the cartilaginous cells (chondrocytes and
chondroblasts) and calcified cells (osseous cells –
osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts).

Answer 610

skeletal system

Question 611

(chondrocytes and
chondroblasts

Answer 611

cartilaginous cells

Question 612

osseous cells –
osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts)

Answer 612

calcified skells

Question 613

Forms an important part of the endoskeleton in ALL VERTEBRATES

Answer 613

cartilage

Question 614

Organic component is primarily ____, which gives bone great tensile strength

Answer 614

collagen

Question 615

• Major site of red marrow for production of blood cells.

Answer 615

bone

Question 616

Plays a role in the metabolism of minerals (calcium and
phosphate)

Answer 616

bones

Question 617

solid, strong bone that is resistant to bending located along the diaphysis of long bones

Answer 617

compact bone

Question 618

provide solid structure to the skeltal frame, forms hollow tube called medullary cavity

Answer 618

compact bone

Question 619

made of many branching, bony plates

Answer 619

compact and spongy bone

Question 620

reduces the weight of the bone, provides strength to bones especially against forces of compression

Answer 620

spongy bone

Question 621

highly organized transformation of cartilage to bone

Answer 621

endochondral

Question 622

appositional periosteal bone formation

Answer 622

intramembranous

Question 623

retain a cartilaginous neurocranium throughout life

Answer 623

cartilaginous fishes

Question 624

retain highly cartilaginous neocranium that is covered by membrane bone

Answer 624

bony fishes, lungfishes, and most ganoids

Question 625

embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium is largely replaced by replacement bone

Answer 625

other bony vertebrates

Question 626

cartilage surrounding the formaen magnum and replaced as many as four bones

Answer 626

occipital centers

Question 627

forms basisphenoid bone, presphenoid bone, side walls above basisphenoid and presphenoid form

Answer 627

sphenoid centers

Question 628

tend to remain cartilaginous and form

Answer 628

ethmoid

Question 629

cartilaginous otic capsule replaced in lower vertebrates

Answer 629

otic centers

Question 630

– retain a
chondrocranium throughout life

Answer 630

cartilaginous fishes

Question 631

retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium

Answer 631

bony fishes, lungfishes, most ganoids

Question 632

embryonic cartilaginous
neurocranium is largely replaced by bone

Answer 632

tetrapods

Question 633

primitive skull, has no temporal fenestra, possessed by turtles, and other primitive reptiles

Answer 633

anapsid skull

Question 634

has two temporal fenestrae, possessed by most members of diapsida including crocodile, birds, and lizards

Answer 634

diapsid skull

Question 635

derived diapsid

Answer 635

euryapsid skull

Question 636

one fenestra located in a different place than euryapsid skull

Answer 636

synapsid

Question 637

composed of dermal bones that overlie the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium

Answer 637

dermatocranium

Question 638

encircles the external naris forming the snout

Answer 638

facial series

Question 639

encircles the eye defining the orbit

Answer 639

orbital series

Question 640

lies behind the orbit completing the posterior wall of the braincase

Answer 640

temporal series

Question 641

located across the top of skull covering the brain beneath

Answer 641

vault series or roofing bones

Question 642

dermal bones of primary palate covering the roof of the mouth

Answer 642

palatal series

Question 643

encases the meckel’s cartilage

Answer 643

mandibular series

Question 644

ancient chordate structure associated with filter feeding surfaces

Answer 644

splanchnocranium

Question 645

arises from the neural crest departed from the sides of neural tube and migrate into the walls of the pharynx between successive pharyngeal slits

Answer 645

splanchnocranium

Question 646

Make up the skeleton of the jaws and gills in Fishes and
Amphibians

Answer 646

splanchnocranium

Question 647

May remain cartilaginous or become covered by dermal
bone

Answer 647

splanchnocranium

Question 648

characteristic of jaw attachment of agnathans, none of the arches attach directly to the skull

Answer 648

paleostylic

Question 649

earliest jawed condition, found in placoderms, and acanthodians

Answer 649

euautostylic

Question 650

found in early sharks, some osteichthyians and crossopterygians

Answer 650

amphistylic

Question 651

found imodern bony fishes, mandibular arch is attached to the braincase primarily through hyomandibula with aid of symplectic bone

Answer 651

hyostylic

Question 652

found in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds, attached to the braincase directly through quadrate bone

Answer 652

metautostylic

Question 653

found in mammals, entire upper jaw is part of the braincase but lower jaw is dentary bone is suspended from the squamosal bone

Answer 653

craniostylic

Question 654

composed of centrum, one or two arches, and various processes

Answer 654

vertebra

Question 655

monospondylous vertebra in which single centrum is separate

Answer 655

stereospondyly

Question 656

two centra per segment

Answer 656

diplospondyly

Question 657

diplospondylous vertebra in which approximate equal sized central are separate

Answer 657

embolomerous

Question 658

centra and spine are separate

Answer 658

aspidospondyly

Question 659

centra and spines are fusedi nto single bone

Answer 659

holospondyly

Question 660

holospondylous vertebra with husk shaped centrum usually pierced by notochordal canal

Answer 660

lepospondyly

Question 661

type of centra based on shapes (5)

Answer 661

amphicoelous
procoelous
opisthocoelous
heterocoelous
acoelous

Question 662

persistent in adults jawless vertebrates, Placoderms,
Chimaeras, Pleurachants, Dipnoans, Acanthodians, Crossopterygians and
Primitive ray-finned fishes

Answer 662

notochord

Question 663

have no free caudal vertebrae instead a rodlike urostyle

Answer 663

anurans

Question 664

are unique in forming bony platelike caps or
epiphyses at the ends of their centra posterior to the first
intervertebral joint

Answer 664

mammals

Question 665

series of cartilaginous or elongated bony structures served as attachment for the vertebrate extending into the body wall

Answer 665

ribs

Question 666

meet ventrally with the sternum, consist of two jointed segments

Answer 666

true ribs

Question 667

vertebral or costal rib

Answer 667

proximal sgement

Question 668

sternal rib

Answer 668

distal segment

Question 669

articulate iwth each other but not with sternum

Answer 669

false ribs

Question 670

do not articulate ventrally

Answer 670

floating ribs

Question 671

midventral skeletal element that usually articulates with the more anterior thoracic ribs and the pectoral girdle

Answer 671

sternum

Question 672

occur in all jawless vertebrates

Answer 672

median fins

Question 673

prevent body from turning around the vertical axis (yawing) and around the longitudinal axis (rolling)

Answer 673

dorsal and anal fins

Question 674

dorsal and anal fins are supported within the contour of the body by a series of rod-like radials

Answer 674

pterygiophores

Question 675

if the spine is straight to the tip of the tail

Answer 675

diphycercal

Question 676

if the spine tilts downwards with longer ventral lobe than dorsal loe

Answer 676

hypocercal

Question 677

if the spine tilts upward with longer dorsal lobe than ventral lobe

Answer 677

heterocercal

Question 678

if all the fin membrane is posterior to the spine with equal ventral and dorsal lobe

Answer 678

homocercal

Question 679

older, larger and more complicated thna pelvic girdle

Answer 679

pectoral girdle

Question 680

right and left halves fused on the midline forming a U-shaped girdle

Answer 680

pectoral girddle

Question 681

have a blade-like scapula that is oriented to the spine

Answer 681

birds

Question 682

membrane bone in therian mammals

Answer 682

clavicle

Question 683

much enlarged over that of fishes, relatively uniform in basic structure

Answer 683

tetrapods

Question 684

solid, triangular shaped pelvic girlde with the ilium forming the apex

Answer 684

primitive amphibian

Question 685

have various shapes patterned after basic plan of labyrinthodonts

Answer 685

reptiles

Question 686

have large pelvic girdle that is firmly attached to the synsacrum

Answer 686

birds

Question 687

have a long and expanded ilium extending only forward from the acetabulum

Answer 687

mammals

Question 688

Bones of the wrist

Answer 688

carpus

Question 689

bones of ankle

Answer 689

tarsus

Question 690

collective term for carpal and tarsal bones

Answer 690

podials

Question 691

forefoot

Answer 691

manus

Question 692

hindfoot

Answer 692

pes

Question 693

collective term for metacarpals and metatarsals

Answer 693

metapodials

Question 694

marrow of long bones produce blood cells, a function not
performed by the skeleton of fishes.

Answer 694

amphibians and higher vertebrates

Question 695

have limbs positioned far to the sides of the body except some
dinosaurs and mammal-like reptiles which are under body

Answer 695

reptiles

Question 696

are usually cartilaginous but
* may ossify in lizards

Answer 696

epiphyses

Question 697

• Phalageal formula in Reptiles

manus and pes

Answer 697

• 3-4-5-3 for manus
• 2-3-4-5-4 for pes

Question 698

• Phalageal formula of foot in birds

Answer 698

2-3-4-5-0

Question 699

forms the heelbone or calcaneum

Answer 699

tarsus, fibulare

Question 700

joins the intermedium forming a large bone called astragalus that
lies over the calcaneum

Answer 700

tibiale

Question 701

basic pharyngeal formula in mammals

Answer 701

2-3-3-3-3

Question 702

bones embedded in interrupting tendon

Answer 702

sesamoid bone

Question 703

example of sesamoid bone

Answer 703

patella

Question 704

bone in the penis of carnivores, bats, insectivores, ordents, and some priates

Answer 704

baculum

Question 705

type of locomotion

Answer 705

graviportal
cursorial
volant
aerial
saltatorial
aquatic
fossorial
scansorial
arboreal

Question 706

familiarize youself with tables

Answer 706

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