Evolution, Systematics, Phylogeny, and Taxonomy Flashcards
1
Q
a process of change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism
A
evolution
2
Q
Can occur without morphological change
A
evolution
3
Q
consist of an organisms and all of its descendants
A
clade
4
Q
process of a change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism
A
evolution
5
Q
process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species that are reproductively isolated from one another
A
speciation
6
Q
random mutations or genetic recombinaton or can be phenotypic plasticity due to environment
(true/false)
A
true
7
Q
phylograms are similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to length of time since speciation
(true/false)
A
true
8
Q
character/s of comparison found common in bouth groups is considered
A
primitive trait
9
Q
group which does not share an immediate common ancestor
A
polyphyletic group
10
Q
character/s found commonly in one group but absent to other is considered as
A
derived trait
11
Q
consists of character/s present in immediate ancestor and earlier ancestor
A
symplesiomorphy
12
Q
mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment is
A
adaptation
13
Q
genetic drift can increase genetic differences between population
(true/false)
A
true
14
Q
artificial speciation refers to intentional breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating a new distinct species
(true/false)
A
true
15
Q
study of biodiversity with phylogenetic relationships among organisms
A
systematics
16
Q
speciation arises from splitting or separation of populations
(true/false)
A
true
17
Q
are tree diagrams where each branch point represent the splitting of two new groups from a common ancestor
A
cladogram/phylogram
18
Q
random variation in the FREQUENCY of alleles in the gene pool of a population is called a ___
A
drift
19
Q
environmental changes in habitat causes adaptation that leads to evolution
true/false
A
true
20
Q
the formation of each new branch in a cladogram is a microevolutionary event
true/false
A
false
21
Q
grouping in which all species share a common ancestor but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included
A
paraphyletic group
22
Q
founder effect happens where there is loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very similar number of individuals from a larger population
(True/false)
A
true
23
Q
species equally related to all members of the group of interest is considered as ingroup
(true/false)
A
false
24
Q
grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, and all species derived from that common ancestor are included
A
monophyletic group
25
natural selection may happen when there is a change in allele frequency
(true/false)
true
26
grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included
paraphyletic group
27
study of phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits
cladistics
28
in genetic drift all characteristics of an organisms contribute to its fitness
(true/false)
false
29
environmental changes in the habitat causes adaptation that leads to evolution
(true/false)
true
30
peripatric speciation may be caused by an extreme case of geographic isolation where only a few individuals are isolated
true/false
true
31
speciation occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species
sympatric speciation
32
consist of an organism and all of its descendant
clade
33
larger now compared in the recent past, as a result of better diet and medicine
humans
34
examples of humans growing taller, induced solely by the environment do not count as evolution because they are not heritable
phenotypic changes
35
morphological, physiological, biochemical, behavioral, and other properties exhibited by a living organisms
phenotype
36
Determined by its genes and its environment
phenotype
37
Large scale phenotypic changes are obviously due to what
genetic changes
38
demonstrated that evolution not necessarily make organisms better
Paquin and Adams
39
Any organism’s success depends on the behaviour of its contemporaries
based on whose
Paquin and Adams
40
studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth
evolutionary biology
41
Discipline of biology concerned with the processes and patterns of biological evolution especially in relation to the diversity of organisms and how they change over time
evolutionary biology
42
Describes the development of life on earth and shows how the interaction between the principle of natural selection and random processes has shaped biological diversity and is continuing to bring about dynamic change
evolutionary biology
43
Examines the fundamental processes which lead to ecological adaptations and new species, as well as the rules which govern the interaction of organisms, including humans, and the formation of social system
evolutionary biology
44
“evolution is like a climb up a ladder of progress; organisms are always getting better”
true or false
false
45
“evolution means that life changed by chance”
true or false
false
46
“natural selection involves organisms trying to adapt”
true or false
false
47
“natural selection gives organisms what they ‘need”
true or false
false
48
what are the principles of evolutionary biology (6)
relatedness
variation
fitness
selection
drift
evolution
49
common descent of all organisms (modification of existing lines) due to shared pylogeny, evolutionary changes occur only through the modification of existing lines
what principle
relatedness
50
differences among organisms (random mutations/genetic recombination or can be phenotypic plasticity due to environment)
what principle
variation
51
distinction must be determined with ___ and ___ in principle of variation
genetically determined variation
genetic recombination
52
which results from random mutation
genetically determined variation
53
where the variation is caused by environmental factors
(genetic recombination/ genetic dispersal)
genetic recombination
54
not genetically determined or in this case epigenetic variation, only heritable to a limited degree
phenotypic plasticity
55
survivability of organisms (reproduction rate, passing of its genetic characteristics to its organization)
what principle
fitness
56
what principle can be influenced by factors whether or not a genotype with its alleles is represented in the gene pool of the subsequent generation
principle of fitness
57
organism with better adaptive characteristic will survive until they become sexually mature to reproduce (selection factors – envt. Factors that affect reproductive success)
principle of selection
58
envt. Factors that affect reproductive success
selection factors
59
there is a directed change in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population in the event of a change in environmental conditions
what principle
selection principle
60
random variation in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population
what principle
principle of drift
61
consistent feature of every generation, but is more pronounced in smaller populations and across many generations
drift
62
what forms the basis of neutral evolution
drift
63
change in the genetics of a population over time
evolution
64
classified fossils and is involved in the development of stratigraphy, leading to an understanding of genealogical processes, allowing to document a timeline of biological evolution on earth
Charles Lyell
65
both proposed the mechanism of natural selection, providing a scientific explanation for the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the gradual unfolding of life
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
66
when the laws of inheritance, recombination, mutation, and selection in populations are formulated as mathematical equations
1910s
67
what principle is the basis for understanding the differentiation of populations (microevolution) and the origin of species
principle of population genetics
68
important figure in the development of modern synthesis wherein the principle of natural selection became combined with the insights from Mendelian genetics, population genetics, taxonomy, morphology, and paleontology
Ernst Mayr
69
examines the interactions between individuals and the development of social systems in which the interests of the individual conflicts with those of the group
Behavioural biology
70
Shows a basic conflict in the interest of sexes
behavioural biology
71
develops the principles of neutral evolution with the help of mathematical approaches and simulations
Motoo Kimura
72
showed that the evolution of DNA and protein sequences is mainly a result of neutral rather than selective mechanisms
Motoo Kimura
73
neutral evolution can be deduced to reconstruct family relationship between species at a molecular level
molecular clock
74
serves as an essential null hypothesis which enables us to trace back the course of selection processes
neutral evolution
75
can be described statistically and forms the basis of understanding of evolutionary adaptation
gene-environment interaction
76
describes the molecular mechanisms associated with gene-environment interaction
epigenetics
77
a change in the genetics of a population over time
evolution
78
Is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection
evolution
79
all individuals of the same species living in a defined area at the same time
population
80
A group of closely-related organisms that have common physical and genetic characteristics and are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
population
81
Carolus Linnaeus proposed a new system of organization for plants, animals, and minerals based upon their similarities what book
Systema Naturae
82
systema naturae who rote
Carolus Linnaues
83
who provided ideas about relationship among organisms, sources of variation, and possibility of evolution
George Buffon
84
who considered how organisms could evolve through mechanisms such as competition
Erasamus darwin
85
father of paleontology, father of comparative anatomy
George Cuvier
86
founder of Lamarckism, presented evolution as occurring due to environmental change over long periods of time
Jean Baptist Lamarck
87
matured during mid-eighteenth century
taxonomy
88
Linnaeus believed in what
Fixity of species
89
according to Linnaeus, each species had (2):
ideal structure and function
place in the scala naturae
90
wrote 44-volume catalog of all known plants and animals, suggested descent with modification
Count George buffon
91
French vertebrate zoologist, was the first to use comparative anatomy to develop a system of classifying animals
Georges Cuvier
92
Proposed a whole series of catastrophes (extinctions) and repopulations from other regions
Georges Cuvier
93
term applied to Cuvier’s explanation of fossil history: the belief that catastrophic extinctions occurred, after which repopulation of surviving species occurred, giving a change of appearance through time
Catastrophism
94
Advocate of special creation and fixity of species
George Cuvier
95
is the first biologist to propose evolution and link diversity with environmental adaptation
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
96
Concluded more complex organism are descended from less complex organisms
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
97
Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
98
Was the first to state that descent with modification occurs and that organism become adapted to their environments
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
99
was Lamarck’s belief that organisms become adapted to their environment during their lifetime and pass these adaptations to their offspring
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
100
believed that earth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of erosion and uplift
Charles Lyell
101
Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and processes of change are constant
Charles Lyell
102
parent species split into two distinct species (speciation arises from splitting)
cladogenesis
103
known as phyletic evolution, creation of new species is distinct from their ancestor (no split in the phylogenetic tree)
anagenesis
104
happens when two populations of the same species become isolated from each other
allopatric speciation
105
geological observations of Charles Darwin are consistent with those of this
Hutton and Lyell
106
began to think that the earth was very old and that there would have been enough time for descent with modifications to occur
Charles Darwin
107
looked liked the African ostrich in the East coast of South America
bird rhea
108
on the Galapagos Island, these have large claws to help them cling to rocks and blunt snout for eating algae growing rocks
marine iguana
109
specialized to feed in various ways, using a cactus spine for insects
galapagos finches
110
known only by the study of its fossil remains, must be related to living armadillos
glyptodont
111
has a face of guinea pig and is native to South America which has no native rabbits, has long legs and other adaptatiosns similar to those of rabbits or hares (but not closely related)
patagonian hare
112
Darwin observed that this neck length varied from island to island, proposed that speciation on islands correlated with difference in vegetation
tortoises
113
Darwin observed that many species of these are scattered on various islands, speculated that they have descended from a single pair of mainland type of these
finches
114
increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species
natural selection
115
there is genetic variation within a population which can be inherited
variation
116
overproduction of offspring leads to competition for survival
competition
117
individuals with beneficial adaptations are more likely to survive to pass on their genes
adaptation
118
over many generations, there is a change in allele frequency (evolution)
selection
119
Key components to the process of natural selection: (I)
Inherited variation exists within the population
120
Key components to the process of natural selection: (C)
Competition results from an overproduction of offspring
121
Key components to the process of natural selection: (E)
Environmental pressures lead to differential reproduction
122
Key components to the process of natural selection: (A)
Adaptations that benefit survival are
123
Key components to the process of natural selection: (G)
Genotype frequency changes across generation
124
Key components to the process of natural selection: (E2)
Evolution occurs within the population
125
process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species that are reproductively associated with one another
speciation
126
Patterns of speciation (2)
anagenesis
cladogenesis
127
also called ‘phyletic evolution’, occurs when evolution acts to create new species, which are distinct from their ancestors, along a single lineage through gradual changes in physical or genetic traits
anagenesis
128
No split in the phylogenetic tree
anagenesis
129
Sufficient mircoevolutionary changes may occur that earlier population is considered a separate species from the later population
anagenesis
130
arises from a splitting event when a parent species is split into two distinct species, often as a result of geographical isolation or another driving force involving the separation of populations
cladogenesis
131
Branching evolution as speciation events accumulate
cladogenesis
132
Formation of each new branch is a macroevolutionary event
cladogenesis
133
Broad patterns across the resulting tree are also within the scope of macroevolution
cladogenesis
134
integral to the process of speciation occurs due to reproductive barriers, which are formed as a consequence of genetic, behavioral, or physical differences arising between the new species
reproductive isolation
135
change in the gene pool of a small population that takes place strictly by chance
genetic drift
136
type of speciation (5)
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
parapatric speciation
peripatric speciation
artificial speciation
137
occurs when members of a population become geographically isolated from one another, to the extent that genetic exchange, through mating is prevented or interfered with
allopatric speciation
138
May be a result of geographical changes such as the formation of a mountain by a volcano, island formation, habitat separation by glaciers and rivers, or habitat fragmentation caused by human activity
allopatric speciation
139
species members emigrating resulting in population separation by dispersal
vicariance
140
allo means what
other
141
patric means what
place
142
evolutionary process whereby species are formed from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic area
sympatric speciation
143
sym means
same
144
The distribution ranges of species which evolve through sympatry may be identical or they may only overlap
sympatric speciation
145
Occurs when members of one population make use of a new niche
sympatric speciation
146
occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed
sympatric speciation
147
extremely rare case of speciation that occurs when a population is continuously distributed within a geographic area without any specific barriers to gene flow
parapatric speciation
148
Population does not mate randomly within the population, but rather individuals rate more commonly with their closest geographic neighbors, resulting in uneven gene flow
parapatric speciation
149
may increase the rate of dimorphism within populations, in which varied morphological forms of the same species are displayed
non-random mating
150
result of parapatric speciation is this, also called distinct sub-populations having small, continuous overlaps in their biogeographic range and are genotypically dimorphic
sister's species
151
extremely rare type of speciation, occur when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier but populations in these areas may interbreed and often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles
parapatric speciation
152
form of allopatric speciation that occurs when populations that have become isolated have very few individuals
peripatric speciation
153
population goes through a genetic bottleneck, within the small sub-population, organisms which are able to survive within the new environment may carry genes that were rare within the main population but that cause a slight variation to behavior or morphology
peripatric speciation
154
through repeated matings, the frequency of these, once rare, genes increases within the small population
peripatric speciation
155
mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population
peripatric speciation
156
loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
founder effect
157
form of speciation that can be achieved by the input of human influence
artificial speciation
158
by separating populations, and thereby preventing breeding, or by intentionally breeding individuals with desired genotypic traits, humans can create new, distinct species
artificial speciation
159
can be achieved by artificial selection, intentional breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating a new distinct species
artifical speciation
160
Finches in Galapagos Island are similar in morphology but exhibited slight differences in features such as (3)
body size
color
beak length or shape
161
difference in this were an adaptation toward acquiring the particular food source
beak length or shape
162
change in allele frequency in a population due to random selection of certain genes
genetic drift
163
Oftentimes, the mutations within the DNA can have no effect on the fitness of an organism
genetic drift
164
these changes in genetics can increase or decrease in a population, simply due to change
genetic drift
165
genetic drift can cause big losses of genetic variation for small populations, reduces genetic variation
bottleneck effect
166
Natural selection (is/ is NOT) always necessary for genetic change to occur
is NOT
167
movement of genes between populations, species, or between organisms
gene flow
168
Population of organisms exhibit this when individuals from one population migrate and breed within a new population
gene flow
169
Does not analyze the allele frequency of genes, rather it is a concept that describes the movement of genes between populations
gene flow
170
morphological adaptation of an animal to living in the constant darkness of caves, characterized by features such as loss of pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and frequently with attenuated bodies and/or appendages
troglomorphism
171
mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environment or to changes in their current environment
adaptation
172
the process which enables organisms to adjust to their environment in order to ensure survival
adaptation
173
Biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment
adaptation
174
actions of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment
behavioral adaptation
175
Bears hibernating in winter to escape cold temperatures and preserve energy
behavioral adaptation
176
physical features of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment
structural adaptation
177
Penguin has blubber to protect itself from freezing temperatures
what type of adaptation
structural adaptation
178
internal and/or cellular features of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment
physiological adaptation
179
Snakes producing poisonous venom to ward off predators and to capture prey
what type of adaptation
physiological adaptation
180
actual place where an organism lives
habitat
181
include food, water, shelter, are obtained for organisms survival
basic need
182
can cause adaptation that lead to evolution, play an important role in evolution
environmental changes
183
famous paleontologist that defined systematics as the “scientific study of kinds and diversity of organisms and of any all relationships among them”
George Gaylord Simpson
184
can be though of as the study of biodiversity
systematics
185
Study of phylogenetic relationships
systematics
186
Active area of evolutionary biology
systematics
187
study of diversity of organisms and of any relationship among them
systematics
188
The study of biodiversity with phylogenetic relationship among organisms
systematics
189
special area of systematics that studies phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits
cladistics
190
Two major components of systematics
taxonomy
phylogenetics
191
field of biology and paleontology that concern the naming of living (extant) and ancient (extinct) plants, animals, and other oganisms
taxonomy
192
Governed by a universal system of rules and conventions derived from the approach pioneered by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century
taxonomy
193
study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, depicted by tree-like diagrams
phylogenetics
194
2 approaches in studying relationships of species
fossils
hierarchical pattern of homology
195
provide a preserved record of the history of life forms; portrays the phylogeny of life
fossil
196
different species that share the same structures depicts that they may have evolved from the same ancestor
hierarchical pattern of homology
197
traits shared
common features
198
less traits shared
close relationship of species
199
refers to an evolutionary line of descent and can be determined by comparing sequences in different species
phylogeny
200
Represents the evolutionary relationships; history of speciation among a set of organisms or groups of organisms called taxa
phylogeny
201
answers the gaps in systematics that do not rely on number of shared characteristics
cladistics
202
diagram used to represent a hypothetical relationship between groups of animals (also called a phylogeny)
cladograms
203
similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to the length of time since speciation
phylograms
204
diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms (hypothetic, no definitive facts)
phylogenetic tree
205
represent the common ancestors of those descendants
nodes
206
two descendants that split from the same node
sister groups
207
connected by branches, which are line segments that make up the three
terminal taxa
208
defines the relationship between the taxa in terms of descent and ancestry
branch
209
usually represents the number of changes that have occurred in the branch
branch length
210
branching structure of the tree
topology
211
study the parts of a cladogram
grade yourself accordingly
212
represents the number of changes that have occurred in the branch
branch length
213
common ancestor of all taxa
root
214
scale represents the number of differences between organisms or sequences
distance scale
215
group of two or more taxa or DNA sequences that includes both their common ancestor and all of their organisms
clade
216
there is a particular node, called the root, representing a common ancestor, from which a unique path leads to any other node
rooted phylogenetic three
217
specifies the relationship among species, without identifying a
common ancestor, or evolutionary path
unrooted phylogenetic tree
218
format of a phylogenetic tree (3)
slant format
horizontal format
circle-shaped
219
character/s is present in immediate ancestor only but not in the earliest
synapomorphy
220
character/s is present in immediate ancestor and earlier ancestor
symplesiomorphy
221
Birds developing wings but lost the 4 primitive legs that have been present in the bird’s ancestor
symplesiomorphy
222
distinctive feature known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon
autapomorphy
223
change in characteristics occurs in _____ over time
lineages
224
Assumption that characteristics of organisms change over time is the most important one in ____, only when characteristics change that we are able to recognize different lineages or groups
cladistics
225
original state of the characteristic
plesiomorphic
226
changed state of the characteristic
apomorphic
227
Any group of organisms is related by _____ from a common ancestor
descent
228
There is a bifurcating, branching, pattern of ___
lineage-splitting
229
Suggests that when a lineage splits, it divides into exactly ____
two groups
230
if more distinct derived characters are present shared in groups, this is attained
grade
231
incomplete group, because of exclusion of clades
evolutionary grade
232
a taxon outside the group of interest. All the members of the group of interest are more closely related to each other than they are to the outgroup.
outgroup
233
