Digestive System Flashcards
two components of the circulatory system
blood vascular system
lymphatic system
system made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood
blood vascular system
system made up of lymph and lymph vessels
lymphatic system
circulatory systems generally have three main features:
fluid
blood vessels
heart
fluid in lymphatic system
hemolymph
main feature of circulatory system that transport materials
fluid
muscular organ for involuntary continuous contraction
heart
epithelial tissues for transport pathway
blood vessels
transport away from the heart
arteries and arterioles
transport towards the heart
veins and venioles
site of cellular action (release and acquisition of gases)
capillaries
made up of electrolytes and proteins
plasma
4.3 to 5.7 per microliters (male) and 3.9 to 5.1 per microliters in blood
RBCs (erythrocytes)
leukocytes in antibody production (histamine and heparin production)
basophil
leukocytes for parasitic infection control - ROS production
Eosinophil
leukocytes for chemotaxis induced phagocyte - first aiders
neutrophil
antigen presenting cell (bounded-cytokine production)
B cells (memory B cells and plasma cells)
stored DNA/RNA sequence of infectious agent and releases cytokine (Free-cytokine production)
T cells (memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells)
examples include macrophages and dendritic cells
monocyte
engulfs foreign materials and connects the lymphocytes to other leukocytes
monocyte
blood clotting (platelets)
thrombocytes
why is blood circulation important?
- transport respiratory gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones, and antibodies
- serves in conjunction with the kidneys and some other organs in maintaining the internal environment
- removes toxic and pathogenic materials from the body
- regulates body temperature with the help of the muscle and integument
importance of lymphatic system
- transporting digested fat from the intestine to the bloodstream
-removing and destroying toxic substances - resisting the spread of disease throughout the body
two kind of circulatory system
open
closed
circulatory system wherein fluid is circulated through an open body chamber
open
circulatory system where fluid is circulated through blood vessels
closed
does the blood come in direct contact with body organs in a closed system?
no
vertebrate heart is separatred into two type of chambers (2)
atria
ventricles
heart chamber that receive blood from body or lungs, its contraction send blood through a valve to the ventricles
atria
receive blood from atria, contract to send blood to body or lungs
ventricles
1 circuit
2-chambered heart
type of anmial
fish
2 circuits
3-chambered heart
type of animal?
frogs2
2 circuits
“5-chambered” heart
type of animal
turtle
lizards
2 circuits
4- chambered heart
give 3 group of animals
crocodiles
birds
mammals
simplest vertebrate heart
two-chambered heart
two-chambered heart is seen in ___
fishes
receives blood from the body cells
atrium
sends blood to the gills to collect oxygen (fishes)
ventricle
receives blood from the major veins in fishes
sinus venosus
valve in fish hearts where the blood from sinus venosus empties into
sinoatrial valve (SA)
valve where blood is expelled in fishes into a large thick-walled ventricle
atrioventricular (AV) valve
pumps into the conus arteriosus which looks like an enlarged artery and is lined with several rows of semilunar vales and preventing backflow of blood as the ventricle fills
ventricle
animal that has no heart, only a homologous pulsating vessel in the same position where the heart evolves in vertebrates
amphioxus
hearts of fishes are relatively small/large due to its volume of blood
small
in this, there is a separate atria to allow some separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which is an advantage for terrestrial organisms
three-chambered heart
chamber of the heart where mixing can still happen in a three-chambered heart
ventricle
in them, some have partial separation of the ventricle
reptile
characteristics of dipnoans, amphibians, and reptiles
intermediate heart (three-chambered heart)
their heart usually receives both kinds of blood, oxygenated and deoxygenated, without structural separation allowing mixing of two streams
intermediate heart (Three-chambered)
heart is classified as ____, it adapts to a range of different conditions not encountered by lungless fish, birds, and mammals
facultative
their atrium is completely divided into the right and left chambers by the interatrial septum
anurans
chamber in anurans where it receives deoxygenated blood
right
chamber in anurans where it receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
left
chamber in three-chambered heart where there can be a mixing due to the blood returning from the skin (oxygenated)
right side
shunts the right side (deoxygenated blood to the lungs and skin) and left side (oxygenated blood to right systemic arch)
conus spiral fold
can both blood enter the left systemic arch and mix depending on the resistance in the pulmonary arch?
yes
seen in birds and mammals, allows complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
four-chambered heart
complete separation in the heart is necessary to support a fast metabolism in ___
homeotherms
an organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity.
homeotherm
in a four-chambered heart, there is a ___-pump operation
dual pump
nervous tissue that times heart beats
sinoatrial (SA) node
causes the atria to contract, and send signal to the AV node to signal the ventricles to contract
SA node
there is low/high pressure in the pulmonary circuit on the right side of the heart
low
there is high/low pressure in the systemic circuit on the left side of the heart
high
structure that is vestigial in birds and absent in mammals
sinus venosus
completely divided in birds and mammals and relatively smaller than in fishes
atrium
in a double-circuit heart, why is the ventricle completely divided and stronger on the left side compared to the other side
the left side is pumping blood to the body
divided into a pulmonary trunk joining the right ventricle and a systemic trunk joining the left ventricle
embryonic conus
adult systemic arch is single/multiple
single
what side does the adult systemic arch loops in birds?
right
what side does the adult systemic arch loops in mammals?
left
contraction of the adult heart in ___ is influenced by the ANS, hormones, and temperature
amniotes
muscle that has inherent capacity to contract rhythmically
cardiac muscle
first chamber to beat in the heart
embryonic chamber
derived from the
muscle cells, develops in
the sinus venosus and
initiates the beat
transmitted over the heart
by the muscle tissue and
not by the nervous system
SA node
is formed when the SA
node merges with the right atrium together with the
embryonic sinus venosus
AV node
distributes the beat over the ventricle
and control vascular contractility in the systemic
trunk
AV node
how many pair of aortic arches in vertebrates?
6 pairs
which side of the aorta does the blood leave the heart
ventral
gives of 6 pairs of aortic arches running through the visceral arches
ventral aorta
in fishes, each aortic arch has afferent/efferent branchial artery carrying venous blood to capillaries in gill
afferent
read the aortic arches in fishes
add +1
have 6 pair of aortic arches that passes through a gill
adults number is reduced to 4 or 5
fishes
in this kind of fish, only 5 pairs (II, III, IV, V, VI) are functional
shark
in this kind of fish, I, II tend to disappear so 4 arches are efunctional
teleost
lives in water and remain the external gill in addition lungs
4 pairs of aortic arches III to IV are present
same cases V arch is incomplete, reduced, or absent
III arch - carotid arch
IV - systemic arch
V - ductus caroticus
VI - pulmocutaneous artery
amphibian
fully terrestrial so the gill are replaced by lung
reptile
3 functional arches are present
entire ventral aorta and conus split forming only 3-trunk two aortic or systemic one pulmonary
ductus caroticus and ductus arteriosus are absent
reptile
6 arches develop in the embryo but only 3 arches are present in adults
ventral aorta is replaced by two independent aortae or trunks, systemic and pulmonary
arch IV is single systemic aorta, right in birds and left in mammals, emerging from left ventricle and carrying oxygenated blodo
birds and mammals
read bird and mammal aortic arches
add +1
veins that drain an organ and dump blood into another organ instead of heart
portal system
capillaries of digestive tract and spleen
portal system?
hepatic
capillaries of tail
portal system?
renal
capilarries of hypothalamus
portal system?
hypophyseal portal system
hypohpyseal portal system to heart
vein?
sinusoids of anterior of pituitary
smallest portal system
hypophyseal
drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior pituitary
hypophyseal
single hepatic portal vein by retention of the left and right sub-intestinal and of several anastomoses within and posterior to the liver
Type of animal
all vertebrates, amphioxus
within the ___, the system branches into sinusoids and anterior to it continues to the heart as one or more hepatic veins draining this
liver
liver of ___ and ___ may also receive portal blood through abdominal venous system
amphibian
reptiles
drains the gut and tail in hagfishes and teleost
hepatic portal veins
- Evolved from the ancestral posterior cardinal veins
renal portal system
retain the ancestral condition, the posterior cardinal runs from the anal area to the common cardinal receiving blood from the urogenital organs and the body wall
cyclostomes and larval fishes
blood from the posterior part of the body flows into the posterior segments of the posterior cardinals called the renal portal veins and passes into the tissues of
the kidney
which group of animals
fishes
exhibit the same pattern as that
of fishes but a new vessel, the postcava, is added which
receives most of the blood from the kidney
dipnoans and urodeles
are more advanced – anterior
segments and posterior cardinals are modified into
vertebral veins draining the anterior part of the thorax
which group of animals?
anurans and reptiles
– same condition is observed except that nearly
all blood shunts through the kidneys to the postcava
birds
have no renal portal system
mammals
draining the posterior
part of the thorax are the only
derivatives of the anterior segments of
the posterior cardinals
azygos and hemiazygos vein
empties into the old
right common cardinal vein (precaval),
it receives transverse shunts from the
hemiazygos
azygos vein
Hormone formed in
the hypothalamus
reach the anterior
lobe through what portal pathway?
hypohysial portal pathway
These release
inhibitory factors
controlling the
hormonal output of
the cells of the
anterior lobe
hypothalamus
