Nervous and Endocrine System Flashcards
– where nucleus
and other organelles are
located
cell body
includes dendrite and
axons
protoplasmic processes
conduct
nerve impulses
TOWARD the cell
body
dendrite
conduct
nerve impulses
AWAY from the cell
body
axon
axon is covered by
tightly
packed
____
cells
containing
___ as
insulator
schwann cells
myelin
3 different neurons as to number of protoplasmic processes
unipolar neuron
bipolar neuron
multipolar neuron
1 protoplasmic processes
unipolar neuron
2 protoplasmic processes
bipolar neuron
several dendrites and one axon
multipolar neuron
kind of neuron located on the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord
unipolar neuron
kind of neuron located on the retina of the eye
bipolar neuron
what kind of neuron is located on the ventral horns of the
gray matter of the
spinal cord
multipolar neuron
types of neuron as to functions
sensory
motor
associative/adjustor
transmit impulses from sensory receptors
of the sense organ to nerve
center (CNS
sensory neuron
transmit impulses
from the nerve center to the
effectors (muscles or glands)
motor neuron
connects sensory and motor
neurons; located in nerve center,
also called interneuron
adjustor or associative neurons
– composed of actively
dividing cells supporting the neurons
of the nervous system
neuroglia
neuroglia that connect neurons and capillaries
astrocytes
dispose dead cells,
bacteria, etc
microglia
– line the fluid-filled
cavities of CNS for protection
ependymal cells
– form the
myelin sheath around the fibers
oligodendrocytes
a type of glial cell
that surrounds neurons, keeping
them alive and sometimes
covering them with a myelin
sheath
schwan cells
situated between
the external lamina and
sarcolemma.
are precursors to skeletal muscle
cells and are responsible for the
ability of muscle tissue to
regenerate
satellite cells
maintain blood barrier, controlling levels of neurotransmitter around synapses
regulate ion and providing metabolic support
astrocytes
line spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ependymal cells
myelinate CNS, axons, provide structural framework
oligodendrocytes
brain’s immune cells, remove dead cells and pathogens by phagocytosis
microglia
surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulate neurotransmitter levels
sattelite cells
myelinate neurons in PNS, maintenance and regeneration of neurons after injury
Schwann cells
dorsal and ventral
nerves that arises from spinal cord
spinal nerves
root that have ganglions
dorsal root
roots that
connect spinal nerve to spinal cord
dorsal and ventral roots
what structure does the dorsal and ventral root connect spinal nerve to spinal cord
ramus communicanus
branch of spinal nerves
dorsal ramus
ventral ramus
branches of
spinal nerves that supplies
epaxial muscles
dorsal ramus
– branches of
spinal nerves that supplies
hypaxial muscles and skin
ventral ramus
- functional types of neurons in Spinal
nerve
somatic afferent
somatic efferent
visceral afferent
visceral efferent
sensory from
general cutaneous receptors and
propriocepetors
kind of sensory
somatic afferent
– motor to
skeletal muscles
kind of neurons in spinal nerves
somatic efferent
sensory from
receptors in the viscera
neurons in spinal nerves
visceral afferent
motor to
smooth, cardiac muscles, and
glands
kind of neurons in spinal nerves
visceral efferent
amphioxus contain thre kinds of fibers
somatic
visceral
cisceral
nerve bodies of
sensory neurons are
located in the spinal
cord
which organism
amphioxus
NO ganglia in spinal
nerve
which organism
amphioxus
Dorsal and ventral
nerves of each body
segment joins outside
the vertebral column
hagfish, fish, and amphibians
Spinal nerves divide
into 3 rami
what organism
hagfish, fish, and amphibians
serving structures
of epaxial origin
dorsal ramus
serving
appendages and
structures of
hypaxial origin
ventral ramus
serving structures
derived from the
hypomere
visceral ramus
dorsal and ventral
roots join inside the
vertebral column
which group of animals
amniotes
- each dorsal root is at
the same level
corresponding ventral
root
which group of animals
amniotes
– classified in one of
three general categories:
series with dorsal roots of spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
LATERAL level
in series with ventral spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
VENTRAL level
no counterpart in spinal series
because its nerves serve
structure that are peculiar to the
head (nose, eye, ear, lateral line
system)
cranial nerves
include mixed nerves,
sensory, and motor neurons
including nerves O, V. VII, IX, X,
XI
series with dorsal roots of spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
LATERAL level
containing somatic motor
fibers, and supply
branchiometric muscles,
branchiometric nerves
includes nerves III, IV, VI, XII
in series with ventral spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
VENTRAL level
sensory fibers including
nerves I, II, VII, VIII, IX
no counterpart in spinal series
cranial nerves
Terminal
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens\
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
part of
chemosensory system such as for
responding to olfactory pheromones
terminal nerves
ABSENT in cyclostomes, birds,
and humans
terminal nerves
runs from the olfactory
epithelium to the olfactory bulb of the
brain
olfactory nerve
– runs from the eye to the brain,
ganglion cells in the retina may cross
over under the brain at the optic
chiasma
optic nerve
supplies external
ocular muscles (dorsal rectus,
medial rectus, ventral rectus, ventral
oblique)
oculomotor
Has a ciliary branch that
passes to muscles of the iris
and ciliary muscles
oculomotor nerve
– serves muscles
responsible for facial expression
facial nerve
ry – serves as the inner ear,
this anterior branch serves as the
organ of equilibrium, while the posterior branch is responsible for
equilibrium and hearing
vestibulocochlear nerve
associated with
pharynx, taste buds, and salivary
glands
glossopharyngeal
– contains four branches that
supply the branchiomeric muscles of
the 4-7 visceral arches (or their
derivatives)
vagus
spinal accessory nerves
accessory nerve
serves hypobranchial
muscles of the throat and tongue
hypoglossal
supplies dorsal oblique
muscle of the eye
trochlear
– has three branches,
where the branches intersect and
cell bodies is found is called the
semilunar ganglion
trigeminal
three trigeminal nerve
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
– trigeminal nerve in
the head region
ophthalmic
– trigeminal nerve
serving the upper jaw
maxillary
– trigeminal nerve
serving the lower jaw
mandibular
supplies the lateral
oblique muscle of the eye
abducens
- neural folds do not completely fuse
- gray and white matter cannot be
distinguished because nerve fibers
are not myelinated
group of animals
amphioxus
- have complete neurulation process to
enclose a central canal - the boundaries between white and
gray matter remains indistinct
group of animals
cyclostomes
- the gray and white matter and the
dorsal median sulcus and ventral
median fissure have become distinct
group of animals
fishes and amphibians
- the cords are as long as the canal
within the vertebral column
group of animals
reptiles and birds
- have dorsolateral and ventrolateral
sulcus
group of animals
mammals
located in the vertebral
canal, anatomical beginning is the
foramen magnum of the skull, length
varies
spinal cord
the spinal cord
extends to the caudal end of
the vertebral column when the organism have this
tail
extends to about
the lumbar region of the
vertebral column without this structure
without tail
nerve cell
bodies
gray matter
nerve cell processes
white matter
primary vesicles (3)
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
forebrain
prosencephalon
midbrain
mesencephalon
hindbrain
rhombencephalon
secondary vesicles of prosencephalon
telencephalon
diencephalon
secondary vesicles of mesencephalon
mesencephalon
secondary vesicles of rhombencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
adult amniote derivative:
Olfactory tracts
Cerebral hemispheres
Corpus stratum
Hippocampus
what secondary vesicles
telencephalon
adult amniote derivative:
Thalamus
Hypophysis
Pineal organ
what secondary vesicle
diencephalon
Midbrain; optic and auditory
nerve lobes, cranial nerves III
and IV
what secondary vescile
mesencephalon
Cerebellum
Pons
what secondary vescile
metencephalon
Medulla; reticular formation,
cranial nerves V and XII
what secondary vescile
myelencephalon
- Occupies the cerebral hemispheres
- In fishes, have partly joined
hemispheres, shared a common
ventricle
what ventricle
lateral ventricle (1st and 2nd)
- in the diencephalons
what ventricle
3rd ventricle
- in mammals, tube-like neural canal
which expands within the
mesencephalon called
Aqueduct
- metencephalon and myelencephalon
what ventricle
mesencephalon (upper fourth)
myelencephalon (lower fourth)
primarily operates at the
reflex level
medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata is part of what
myelencephalon
origin of cranial nerves VII-X in SHARKS
medulla oblongata
origin of cranial nerves VII-XIII in Mammals
medulla oblongata
pathway for ascending
and descending fiber
tracts
which structure in myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
contains center
important in
regulating respiration,
heartbeat, and
intestinal motility
which structure in myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
functions to control
motor coordination
and to maintain
equilibration
what structure
pons and cerebellum
pons and cerebellum belong in what structure
metencephalon
roof of the midbrain
tectum
the floor of the
midbrain)
tegmentum
initiates
motor output in the midbrain
tegmentum
splitted in the
inferior and superior
colliculi which
receives sensory
information in midbrain
tectum
In FISHES and
AMPHIBIANS, the
tectum is often smalls,
receives transmission
from the eyes
true or false
false, tectum is large
thalamus is part of what structure
diencephalon
roof of the
thalamus, includes pineal
gland (epiphysis) and
habenula (habenula trigone)
epithalamus
floor of the
thalamus
hypothalammus
large part in the diencephalon
thalamus
in
LOWER
VERTEBRATES, affects
skin pigmentation
epithalamus
in HIGHER
VERTEBRATES, plays a
role in regulating
biological rhythms
epithalamus
regulates
homeostasis
hypothalamus
center for
all of the sensory input
except for olfaction
thalamus
consist of two
cerebral hemispheres –
cerebral cortex (OUTER
LAYER) and the subcortical
region (INNER LAYER)
cerebrum
two cerebral hemispheres in cerebrum
cerebral cortex
subcortical region
cerebrum belongs to what secondary vescile
telencephalon
Cerebrum has 2 regions:
dorsal pallium
ventral pallium
(medial, dorsal, and
lateral divisions) of cerebrum
dorsal pallium
striatum and septum in cerebrum
ventral pallium
receives
olfactory info in dorsal pallium
medial
receives
sensory input
(Visual and
auditory) in dorsal pallium
dorsal and lateral
regulates
emotions, plays
vital role in
short term
memory in ventral pallium
septum
controls
sequence of
actions in
complex
movements in ventral pallium
striatum or basal ganglia
membranes which
surround the brain and spinal cord
meninges
innermost
membrane
pia mater
middle
membrane
arachnoid mater
outermost layer
dura mater
secreted by the
choroid plexi, protects the brain and
cushions it from the skull
cerebrospinal fluid
– two epithelia
which controls the flow of solutes
from blood to brain
blood brain barrier
