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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Nervous and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Nervous and Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

– where nucleus
and other organelles are
located

A

cell body

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2
Q

includes dendrite and
axons

A

protoplasmic processes

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3
Q

conduct
nerve impulses
TOWARD the cell
body

A

dendrite

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4
Q

conduct
nerve impulses
AWAY from the cell
body

A

axon

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5
Q

axon is covered by
tightly
packed
____
cells
containing
___ as
insulator

A

schwann cells
myelin

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6
Q

3 different neurons as to number of protoplasmic processes

A

unipolar neuron
bipolar neuron
multipolar neuron

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7
Q

1 protoplasmic processes

A

unipolar neuron

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8
Q

2 protoplasmic processes

A

bipolar neuron

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9
Q

several dendrites and one axon

A

multipolar neuron

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10
Q

kind of neuron located on the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord

A

unipolar neuron

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11
Q

kind of neuron located on the retina of the eye

A

bipolar neuron

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12
Q

what kind of neuron is located on the ventral horns of the
gray matter of the
spinal cord

A

multipolar neuron

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13
Q

types of neuron as to functions

A

sensory
motor
associative/adjustor

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14
Q

transmit impulses from sensory receptors
of the sense organ to nerve
center (CNS

A

sensory neuron

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15
Q

transmit impulses
from the nerve center to the
effectors (muscles or glands)

A

motor neuron

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16
Q

connects sensory and motor
neurons; located in nerve center,
also called interneuron

A

adjustor or associative neurons

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17
Q

– composed of actively
dividing cells supporting the neurons
of the nervous system

A

neuroglia

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18
Q

neuroglia that connect neurons and capillaries

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

dispose dead cells,
bacteria, etc

A

microglia

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20
Q

– line the fluid-filled
cavities of CNS for protection

A

ependymal cells

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21
Q

– form the
myelin sheath around the fibers

A

oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

a type of glial cell
that surrounds neurons, keeping
them alive and sometimes
covering them with a myelin
sheath

A

schwan cells

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23
Q

situated between
the external lamina and
sarcolemma.
are precursors to skeletal muscle
cells and are responsible for the
ability of muscle tissue to
regenerate

A

satellite cells

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24
Q

maintain blood barrier, controlling levels of neurotransmitter around synapses

regulate ion and providing metabolic support

A

astrocytes

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25
Q

line spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

ependymal cells

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26
Q

myelinate CNS, axons, provide structural framework

A

oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

brain’s immune cells, remove dead cells and pathogens by phagocytosis

A

microglia

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28
Q

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulate neurotransmitter levels

A

sattelite cells

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29
Q

myelinate neurons in PNS, maintenance and regeneration of neurons after injury

A

Schwann cells

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30
Q

dorsal and ventral
nerves that arises from spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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31
Q

root that have ganglions

A

dorsal root

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32
Q

roots that
connect spinal nerve to spinal cord

A

dorsal and ventral roots

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33
Q

what structure does the dorsal and ventral root connect spinal nerve to spinal cord

A

ramus communicanus

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34
Q

branch of spinal nerves

A

dorsal ramus
ventral ramus

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35
Q

branches of
spinal nerves that supplies
epaxial muscles

A

dorsal ramus

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36
Q

– branches of
spinal nerves that supplies
hypaxial muscles and skin

A

ventral ramus

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37
Q
  • functional types of neurons in Spinal
    nerve
A

somatic afferent
somatic efferent
visceral afferent
visceral efferent

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38
Q

sensory from
general cutaneous receptors and
propriocepetors

kind of sensory

A

somatic afferent

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39
Q

– motor to
skeletal muscles

kind of neurons in spinal nerves

A

somatic efferent

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40
Q

sensory from
receptors in the viscera

neurons in spinal nerves

A

visceral afferent

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41
Q

motor to
smooth, cardiac muscles, and
glands

kind of neurons in spinal nerves

A

visceral efferent

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42
Q

amphioxus contain thre kinds of fibers

A

somatic
visceral
cisceral

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43
Q

nerve bodies of
sensory neurons are
located in the spinal
cord

which organism

A

amphioxus

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44
Q

NO ganglia in spinal
nerve

which organism

A

amphioxus

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44
Q

Dorsal and ventral
nerves of each body
segment joins outside
the vertebral column

A

hagfish, fish, and amphibians

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45
Q

Spinal nerves divide
into 3 rami

what organism

A

hagfish, fish, and amphibians

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46
Q

serving structures
of epaxial origin

A

dorsal ramus

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47
Q

serving
appendages and
structures of
hypaxial origin

A

ventral ramus

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48
Q

serving structures
derived from the
hypomere

A

visceral ramus

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49
Q

dorsal and ventral
roots join inside the
vertebral column

which group of animals

A

amniotes

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50
Q
  • each dorsal root is at
    the same level
    corresponding ventral
    root

which group of animals

A

amniotes

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51
Q

– classified in one of
three general categories:

series with dorsal roots of spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
LATERAL level

in series with ventral spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
VENTRAL level

no counterpart in spinal series
because its nerves serve
structure that are peculiar to the
head (nose, eye, ear, lateral line
system)

A

cranial nerves

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52
Q

include mixed nerves,
sensory, and motor neurons
including nerves O, V. VII, IX, X,
XI

A

series with dorsal roots of spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
LATERAL level

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53
Q

containing somatic motor
fibers, and supply
branchiometric muscles,
branchiometric nerves
includes nerves III, IV, VI, XII

A

in series with ventral spinal
nerves join at the brainstem at a
VENTRAL level

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54
Q

sensory fibers including
nerves I, II, VII, VIII, IX

A

no counterpart in spinal series

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55
Q

cranial nerves

A

Terminal
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens\
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

56
Q

part of
chemosensory system such as for
responding to olfactory pheromones

A

terminal nerves

57
Q

ABSENT in cyclostomes, birds,
and humans

A

terminal nerves

58
Q

runs from the olfactory
epithelium to the olfactory bulb of the
brain

A

olfactory nerve

59
Q

– runs from the eye to the brain,
ganglion cells in the retina may cross
over under the brain at the optic
chiasma

A

optic nerve

60
Q

supplies external
ocular muscles (dorsal rectus,
medial rectus, ventral rectus, ventral
oblique)

A

oculomotor

61
Q

Has a ciliary branch that
passes to muscles of the iris
and ciliary muscles

A

oculomotor nerve

62
Q

– serves muscles
responsible for facial expression

A

facial nerve

63
Q

ry – serves as the inner ear,
this anterior branch serves as the
organ of equilibrium, while the posterior branch is responsible for
equilibrium and hearing

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

64
Q

associated with
pharynx, taste buds, and salivary
glands

A

glossopharyngeal

65
Q

– contains four branches that
supply the branchiomeric muscles of
the 4-7 visceral arches (or their
derivatives)

A

vagus

66
Q

spinal accessory nerves

A

accessory nerve

67
Q

serves hypobranchial
muscles of the throat and tongue

A

hypoglossal

68
Q

supplies dorsal oblique
muscle of the eye

A

trochlear

69
Q

– has three branches,
where the branches intersect and
cell bodies is found is called the
semilunar ganglion

A

trigeminal

70
Q

three trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

71
Q

– trigeminal nerve in
the head region

A

ophthalmic

72
Q

– trigeminal nerve
serving the upper jaw

A

maxillary

73
Q

– trigeminal nerve
serving the lower jaw

A

mandibular

74
Q

supplies the lateral
oblique muscle of the eye

A

abducens

75
Q
A
76
Q
  • neural folds do not completely fuse
  • gray and white matter cannot be
    distinguished because nerve fibers
    are not myelinated

group of animals

A

amphioxus

77
Q
  • have complete neurulation process to
    enclose a central canal
  • the boundaries between white and
    gray matter remains indistinct

group of animals

A

cyclostomes

78
Q
  • the gray and white matter and the
    dorsal median sulcus and ventral
    median fissure have become distinct

group of animals

A

fishes and amphibians

79
Q
  • the cords are as long as the canal
    within the vertebral column

group of animals

A

reptiles and birds

80
Q
  • have dorsolateral and ventrolateral
    sulcus

group of animals

A

mammals

81
Q

located in the vertebral
canal, anatomical beginning is the
foramen magnum of the skull, length
varies

A

spinal cord

82
Q

the spinal cord
extends to the caudal end of
the vertebral column when the organism have this

A

tail

83
Q

extends to about
the lumbar region of the
vertebral column without this structure

A

without tail

84
Q

nerve cell
bodies

A

gray matter

85
Q

nerve cell processes

A

white matter

86
Q

primary vesicles (3)

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

87
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

88
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

89
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

90
Q

secondary vesicles of prosencephalon

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

91
Q

secondary vesicles of mesencephalon

A

mesencephalon

92
Q

secondary vesicles of rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon
myelencephalon

93
Q

adult amniote derivative:

Olfactory tracts
Cerebral hemispheres
Corpus stratum
Hippocampus

what secondary vesicles

A

telencephalon

94
Q

adult amniote derivative:

Thalamus
Hypophysis
Pineal organ

what secondary vesicle

A

diencephalon

95
Q

Midbrain; optic and auditory
nerve lobes, cranial nerves III
and IV

what secondary vescile

A

mesencephalon

96
Q

Cerebellum
Pons

what secondary vescile

A

metencephalon

97
Q

Medulla; reticular formation,
cranial nerves V and XII

what secondary vescile

A

myelencephalon

98
Q
  • Occupies the cerebral hemispheres
  • In fishes, have partly joined
    hemispheres, shared a common
    ventricle

what ventricle

A

lateral ventricle (1st and 2nd)

99
Q
  • in the diencephalons

what ventricle

A

3rd ventricle

100
Q
  • in mammals, tube-like neural canal
    which expands within the
    mesencephalon called
A

Aqueduct

101
Q
  • metencephalon and myelencephalon

what ventricle

A

mesencephalon (upper fourth)
myelencephalon (lower fourth)

102
Q

primarily operates at the
reflex level

A

medulla oblongata

103
Q

medulla oblongata is part of what

A

myelencephalon

104
Q

origin of cranial nerves VII-X in SHARKS

A

medulla oblongata

105
Q

origin of cranial nerves VII-XIII in Mammals

A

medulla oblongata

106
Q

pathway for ascending
and descending fiber
tracts

which structure in myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

107
Q

contains center
important in
regulating respiration,
heartbeat, and
intestinal motility

which structure in myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

108
Q

functions to control
motor coordination
and to maintain
equilibration

what structure

A

pons and cerebellum

109
Q

pons and cerebellum belong in what structure

A

metencephalon

110
Q

roof of the midbrain

A

tectum

111
Q

the floor of the
midbrain)

A

tegmentum

112
Q

initiates
motor output in the midbrain

A

tegmentum

113
Q

splitted in the
inferior and superior
colliculi which
receives sensory
information in midbrain

A

tectum

114
Q

In FISHES and
AMPHIBIANS, the
tectum is often smalls,
receives transmission
from the eyes

true or false

A

false, tectum is large

115
Q

thalamus is part of what structure

A

diencephalon

116
Q

roof of the
thalamus, includes pineal
gland (epiphysis) and
habenula (habenula trigone)

A

epithalamus

117
Q

floor of the
thalamus

A

hypothalammus

118
Q

large part in the diencephalon

A

thalamus

119
Q

in
LOWER
VERTEBRATES, affects
skin pigmentation

A

epithalamus

120
Q

in HIGHER
VERTEBRATES, plays a
role in regulating
biological rhythms

A

epithalamus

121
Q

regulates
homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

122
Q

center for
all of the sensory input
except for olfaction

A

thalamus

123
Q

consist of two
cerebral hemispheres –
cerebral cortex (OUTER
LAYER) and the subcortical
region (INNER LAYER)

A

cerebrum

124
Q

two cerebral hemispheres in cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex
subcortical region

125
Q

cerebrum belongs to what secondary vescile

A

telencephalon

126
Q

Cerebrum has 2 regions:

A

dorsal pallium
ventral pallium

127
Q

(medial, dorsal, and
lateral divisions) of cerebrum

A

dorsal pallium

128
Q

striatum and septum in cerebrum

A

ventral pallium

129
Q

receives
olfactory info in dorsal pallium

A

medial

130
Q

receives
sensory input
(Visual and
auditory) in dorsal pallium

A

dorsal and lateral

131
Q

regulates
emotions, plays
vital role in
short term
memory in ventral pallium

A

septum

132
Q

controls
sequence of
actions in
complex
movements in ventral pallium

A

striatum or basal ganglia

133
Q

membranes which
surround the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

134
Q

innermost
membrane

A

pia mater

135
Q

middle
membrane

A

arachnoid mater

136
Q

outermost layer

A

dura mater

137
Q

secreted by the
choroid plexi, protects the brain and
cushions it from the skull

A

cerebrospinal fluid

138
Q

– two epithelia
which controls the flow of solutes
from blood to brain

A

blood brain barrier

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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