Midterms Lec 2/2

Question 1

the branch of biology that studies the prenatal
development of gametes (sex cells),
fertilization, and development of embryos and
fetuses

Answer 1

embryology

Question 2

number of chromosomes in a haploid

Answer 2

23

Question 3

number of diploid chromosomes

Answer 3

46

Question 4

“Ontogeny
recapitulates phylogeny

Answer 4

Ernst Haeckel

Question 5

theorizes that the stages an
animal embryo undergoes
during development are a
chronological replay of that
species’ past evolutionary
forms.

Answer 5

Ernst Haeckel

Question 6

Recapitulation is
not the only relationship between
embryos and ancestors.

Answer 6

Gavin de Beers

Question 7

Embryonic structures may or
may not be present from their
ancestors or descendants.

t/f

Answer 7

true

Question 8

vestigial
(lost); or retained to adulthood.

Answer 8

embryonic structures

Question 9

Developmental stages may be
repeated in later stage but not
in earlier stages.

t/f

Answer 9

false

Question 10

Developmental sequence may or
may not be altered in the
descendant

t/f

Answer 10

t

Question 11

are an organism’s reproductive
cells or sex cells.

Answer 11

gametes

Question 12

are haploid cells, and each cell
carries only one copy of each
chromosome

Answer 12

gametes

Question 13

– process
of formation of gametes.

Answer 13

gametogenesis

Question 14

produces testosterone in the presence of
luteinizing hormone (LH).

Answer 14

leydig cells

Question 15

s a “nurse” cell of a seminiferous tubule and
helps in the process of spermatogenesis

Answer 15

sertoli cells

Question 16

is the final stage of spermatogenesis,
which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature
spermatozoa

Answer 16

spermiogenesis

Question 17

– an endocrine structure that
continuously release hormones responsible for the
thickening of the endometrium in the uterus.

Answer 17

corpus luteum

Question 18

• Is the fusion of haploid gametes, egg and sperm, to form the
  diploid zygote

Answer 18

fertilization

Question 19

• Also known as cellulation (the
  formation of the blastomeres).

Answer 19

cleavage

Question 20

• The process by which the
  zygote undergo repeated
  mitotic cell division.

Answer 20

cleavage

Question 21

• is a mass of 16
  totipotent cells in a spherical
  shape

Answer 21

morule

Question 22

spherical layer
of cells (the blastoderm)
surrounding a fluid-filled or
yolk-filled cavity (the
blastocoel).

Answer 22

blastula

Question 23

EPIBLAST or
EPIMERE; developing embryo
nourished by the vegetal pole
(dorsal cells–ECTODERM)

Answer 23

animal pole

Question 24

– HYPOBLAST or
HYPOMERE or developing yolk;
nourishes the embryo GUT
(ventral cells–ENDODERM)

Answer 24

vegetal pole

Question 25

• Egg contains no yolk
  (Eutherian mammals).

Answer 25

alecithal

Question 26

• Egg contain small or
  negligible amount of yolk (Amphioxus,
  Tunicates).

Answer 26

microlecithal

Question 27

• Egg contains moderate
  amount of yolk (Dipnoi, Petromyzon)

Answer 27

mesolecithal

Question 28

Egg
contains high amount of yolk (Reptile,
Birds).

Answer 28

macrolecithal

Question 29

A very little amount of yolk present and is
uniformly distributed through out the egg
(Echinoderm, Amphioxus, Mammals)

Answer 29

isolecithal/homolecithal

Question 30

Egg contains moderate or large amount of yolk,
distribution of yolk is unequal (concentrated in
the Vegetal pole).

Answer 30

teleolecithal

Question 31

Type of cleavage furrow
bisects the entire egg.

Answer 31

holoblastic

Question 32

Type of cleavage furrow
restricted to the active
cytoplasm found either in the
animal pole (macrolecithal
egg)

Answer 32

meroblastic

Question 33

holoblastic;
unequal-sized blastomeres

cleavage in amphibians

Answer 33

mesolecithal

Question 34

larger
blastomeres; nourishes the
embryo; slower development

amphibians

Answer 34

vegetal pole

Question 35

smaller
blastomeres; developing
embryo

amphibians

Answer 35

animal pole

Question 36

towards animal
pole

amphibian

Answer 36

blastocoel

Question 37

– “meroblastic”
(partial cleavage); unequalsized blastomeres

aves

Answer 37

macrolecithal

Question 38

– large size yolk
mass; too great to be
penetrated by cleavage furrow

birds

Answer 38

vegetal pole

Question 39

– is relatively
small (blastoderm)

aves

Answer 39

animal pole

Question 40

wide/narrow blastocoel in aves

Answer 40

narrow

Question 41

• holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres.

mammals

Answer 41

microlecithal

Question 42

• is a structure
  formed in the early development
  of mammals

Answer 42

blastocyst

Question 43

Cell
found inside the blastocyst (is
the mass of cells that give rise to
the definitive structures of the
embryo)

Answer 43

inncer cell mass

Question 44

• Cells found
  outside the blastocyst (provide
  nutrients to the embryo and
  develop into a large part of the
  placenta)

Answer 44

trophoblast

Question 45

• Process in which the single-layered blastula is reorganized
  into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.

Answer 45

gastrulation

Question 46

• Cell movements result in a massive reorganization of the
  embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into
  a multi-layered organism.

Answer 46

gastrulation

Question 47

Formation of the three (3)
embryonic germ layers.

Answer 47

gastrulation

Question 48

• Formation of the embryonic
  gut (archenteron

Answer 48

gastrulation

Question 49

Appearance of the major body
axes.

Answer 49

gastrulation

Question 50

– the
outermost layer (forms skin,
brain, the nervous system,
and other external tissues)

Answer 50

ectoderm

Question 51

the middle
layer (forms muscle, the
skeletal system, and the
circulatory system)

Answer 51

mesoderm

Question 52

– the
innermost layer (forms the
lining of the gut and other
internal organs)

Answer 52

endoderm

Question 53

Multipotent stromal cells that
can differentiate into a
variety of cell types

Answer 53

mesenchymal stem cell

Question 54

Unspecialized pack of tissue
of a developing embryo and
its cells enter into the
formation of specialized
tissues.

Answer 54

mesenchymal stem cell

Question 55

having a body derived from only two embryonic cell layers (ectoderm
and endoderm, but no mesoderm), as in sponges and coelenterates

Answer 55

diploblastic

Question 56

layer in between ecto derm and endoderm in diploblastic

Answer 56

mesoglea

Question 57

having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm,
mesoderm, and endoderm), as in all multicellular animals except sponges and
coelenterates.

Answer 57

triploblastic

Question 58

Animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth (primitive invertebrates)

Answer 58

protostome

Question 59

• Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus (echinoderms and chordates)

Answer 59

deuterostome

Question 60

Refers to the folding process
in vertebrate embryos, which
includes the transformation
of the neural plate into the
neural tube.

Answer 60

neurulation

Question 61

The embryo at this stage is
termed the neurula.

Answer 61

neurulation

Question 62

It is the process by which the three germ tissue layers of the
embryo, which are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm,
develop into the internal organs of the organism

Answer 62

organogenesis

Question 63

• Migration of primordial germ cells (Mesenchyme).

Answer 63

organogenesis

Question 64

Establishes the head and tail

what type of embryo

Answer 64

holoblastic embryo

Question 65

3 germ layers spread faced down on the uncleaved yolk

what type of embryo

Answer 65

meroblastic embryo

Question 66

major structure that formed are:

• oral cavity
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• gill
• esophagus
• lung

Answer 66

foregut

Question 67

major structure that formed are:

• stomach
• live
• gallbladder
• pancreas
• intestine
• germ cells of gonads
• part of yolk sac

Answer 67

midgut

Question 68

major strucutre that formed are:

• urinary bladder
• cloaca
• anus

Answer 68

hindgut

Question 69

major structure formed is dermis

Answer 69

outer epimere - dermatome

Question 70

major structure formed is muscles: axial, appendicular, branchiomeric, hypobranchial

Answer 70

middle epimere - myotome

Question 71

major structure is vertebral column

Answer 71

inner epimere - scletrotome

Question 72

major structure is notochord

Answer 72

chordamesoderm

Question 73

major struccture is kidney; urogenital ducts

Answer 73

intermediate mesoderm

Question 74

major structrure is bones: ribs, sternum, appendicualr skeleton

Answer 74

somatic hypomere

Question 75

major structure that forms the blood, heart, gut, smooth muscle, visceral perotineum

Answer 75

splanchnic hypomere

Question 76

major structure is skin epidermis; teeth enamel; stomodeum

Answer 76

somatic ectoderm

Question 77

major structure is brain; spinal cord

Answer 77

neural plate ectoderm

Question 78

major structure is capsules: olfactory, optic, otic, epibranchial capsule; neuromast

Answer 78

epidermal placodes

Question 79

major structure is spinal ganglia; splanchnocranium; neurocranum; dermatocranium

Answer 79

ectomesenchyme (neural crest)

Question 80

membranes which assist in the development of the embryo

Answer 80

extraembryonic membranes

Question 81

originate from the embryo, but are not considered part of it

Answer 81

extraembryonic membranes

Question 82

typically perform roles in nutrition, gas exchange, and waste
remova

Answer 82

extraembryonic membranes

Question 83

• Eggs are laid in water; yolk sac is the only fetal membrane formed

Answer 83

fish

Question 84

formed from 3 germ layers to absorb the yolk into the body

Answer 84

yolk sac

Question 85

• Respiration and excretion are direct contact with the environment

which organism

Answer 85

fish

Question 86

protects the embryo
in a sac filled with amniotic
fluid

in reptiles and birds

Answer 86

amnion

Question 87

• contains yolk —
  the sole source of food until
  hatching (mixture or proteins
  and lipoproteins).

reptiles and birds

Answer 87

yolk sac

Question 88

• lines the inner
  surface of the shell (which is
  permeable to gases) and
  participates in the exchange of
  O2
  and CO2
  between the
  embryo and the outside air

reptiles and birds

Answer 88

chorion

Question 89

stores metabolic
wastes (chiefly uric acid) of the
embryo and participates in gas
exchange.

reptiles and birds

Answer 89

allantois

Question 90

Mammals that produce a shelled
egg like their reptilian ancestors

Answer 90

monotremes

Question 91

(echidna) and
Duckbill platypus

Answer 91

monotremes

Question 92

Pouched mammals (no typical
placenta)

Answer 92

metaherian

Question 93

• Embryo is poorly supplied with
  yolk, yolk sac provides a
  rudimentary connection to the
  mother’s blood (food, oxygen, and
  other essentials).

Answer 93

metaherian

Question 94

The young are born in a very
immature state (they are able to
crawl into a pouch on the mother’s
abdomen, attach themselves to
nipples, and drink milk from her
mammary glands)

Answer 94

metaherian

Question 95

• Placental mammals.

Answer 95

eutherian

Question 96

The extraembryonic membranes
form a placenta and umbilical cord
(connect the embryo to the mother’s
uterus)

Answer 96

eutherian

Question 97

• Placenta functions include gas
  exchange, metabolic transfer,
  hormone secretion, and
  fetal protection.

Answer 97

eutherian

Question 98

• The outer covering of
  the body of vertebrates.

Answer 98

integument

Question 99

Includes the mucous
membranes.

Answer 99

integument

Question 100

• Forms the interface
  between organisms and
  the external
  environment.

Answer 100

integument

Question 101

*stratified
squamous
(keratinized)

Answer 101

epithelial tissue

Question 102

*glue-like layer

Answer 102

basement membrane

Question 103

*dense, fibrous
connective tissue
*blood vessel, nerves, etc.

Answer 103

dermis

Question 104

*superficial fascia
*subcutaneous tissue

Answer 104

hypodermis

Question 105

ectoderm origin

layer of the skin

Answer 105

epidermis

Question 106

mesoderm origin

which layers

Answer 106

dermis
hypodermis

Question 107

Made up of stratified
squamous layer of epithelial
tissues.

Answer 107

epidermis

Question 108

layer of epidermis

Answer 108

corneum
lucidum
granulosum
spinosum
germinativum/basale

Question 109

90% of epidermal cells; produce keratin

Answer 109

keratinocytes

Question 110

• 8 % of epidermal cells; produce melanin

Answer 110

melanocytes

Question 111

capable of trapping antigen in the skin.

Answer 111

langerhans cells

Question 112

make contact with the ending of a sensory neuron.

Answer 112

merkel cells

Question 113

Contains a number of structures
including blood vessels, nerves,
hair follicles, smooth muscle,
glands and lymphatic tissue

Answer 113

dermis

Question 114

Consists of loose connective
tissue otherwise called areolar
connective tissue - collagen,
elastin and reticular fibers are
present.

Answer 114

dermis

Question 115

• Provides tensile strength, and
  physiologic support for the
  interfacing epidermis

Answer 115

dermis

Question 116

The hypodermis is not part of
the skin, and lies below the
dermis.

Answer 116

hypodermis

Question 117

Its purpose is to attach the
skin to underlying bone and
muscle as well as supplying it
with blood vessels and nerves.

Answer 117

hypodermis

Question 118

It consists of loose connective
tissue and elastin.

Answer 118

hypodermis

Question 119

Fat serves as padding and
insulation for the body

Answer 119

hypodermis

Question 120

Provides concealing coloration to
the integument

Answer 120

chromatophores

Question 121

Various colors are produced by
combinations of different
chromatophores and by different
degrees of dispersion of pigment
granules

Answer 121

chromatophores

Question 122

• Skin color also depends on the
  background color of the stratum ____

Answer 122

germinativum

Question 123

Some vertebrates have the ability to
change color

Answer 123

metachromatosis

Question 124

metachromatosis),
controlled by the endocrine and the
nervous system.

t/f

Answer 124

true

Question 125

Produce yellow, brown to black
pigment

Answer 125

melanophores

Question 126

Produce yellow, brown to black
pigment

Answer 126

melanophores

Question 127

Melanin protects chromosomes in
the S. basale from UV lights.

t/f

Answer 127

true

Question 128

melanin is concentrated in one
spot

Answer 128

freckles and moles

Question 129

❑Carotenoids (yellow,
orange, red pigments)

Answer 129

lipophores

Question 130

yellow pigment

Answer 130

xanthophores

Question 131

red pigment

Answer 131

erythrophores

Question 132

Causes iridescence in
vertebrates (fishes)

Answer 132

iridophores or guanophores

Question 133

Contains guanin (purine)
crystals

Answer 133

iridophores/guanophores

Question 134

Refers to a type of epithelial tissue involved in the production and
release of different secretory products, such as sweat, saliva, breast
milk, digestive enzymes, and hormones, among many other
substances

Answer 134

glandular epithelium

Question 135

are glands that secrete substances onto an
epithelial surface by way of a duct.

Answer 135

exocrine gland

Question 136

classification of exocrine gland based on numbers of cell

Answer 136

unicellular
multicellular

Question 137

• Elongated, binucleated
  (amphibians)
• Secretes mucus
• May contain chemicals that
  stimulates alarm or fear

Answer 137

club cells

Question 138

• Secretes mucus in skin (lampreys
  & other fishes)

Answer 138

granular cells

Question 139

• Narrow apical end, wide base
  (osteichthyes & chondricthyes)
• Secretes mucus

Answer 139

goblet cells

Question 140

• Secrete large, membrane-bound
  toxic products to repel enemies

Answer 140

sacciform cells

Question 141

based on branching pattern of ducts

Answer 141

simple
compound

Question 142

short, blind tubes located in
the dermis and extend to the
surface

Answer 142

simple tubular

Question 143

type of multicellular gland include thumb pads, ceruminous glands

Answer 143

simple tubular

Question 144

-long, narrow tube, coiled distal
end located in the dermis
-openings are referred to as
pores of the skin

Answer 144

simple coiled

Question 145

example include sweat glands

Answer 145

simple coiled

Question 146

-divides at its distal ends into
two or more branches

Answer 146

simple branched

Question 147

example include sweat glands in the axilla

Answer 147

sweat branched

Question 148

-consist of a varying number of
simple tubular glands

Answer 148

compound tubular

Question 149

example include mammary glands

Answer 149

compound tubular

Question 150

-only one expanded bulb
or acinus at the end of the
duct

Answer 150

simple saccular

Question 151

examples include mucous and poison glands

Answer 151

simple saccular

Question 152

-with several acini arranged
along a single excretory
duct

Answer 152

Meibomian gland

Question 153

-with single acinus divided
by partitions into several
smaller acini

Answer 153

sebaceous or oil gland

Question 154

-composed of several
simple saccular glands
called lobules

Answer 154

compound saccular

Question 155

what type of saccular gland in mammary gland

Answer 155

compound saccular

Question 156

vesicle fuse with the cell membrane to secrete the product of the gland

Answer 156

merocrine

Question 157

part of the cell is pinched off to release the product

Answer 157

apocrine

Question 158

a mature cell dies completely to secrete the product

Answer 158

holocrine

Question 159

secrete mucus (Ex. unicellular gland of
aquatic vertebrates and some simple saccular glands of fishes
and amphibians)

Answer 159

mucous gland

Question 160

(sudoriferous glands) - secrete watery
substance; (e.g. sweat glands)

Answer 160

serous gland

Question 161

Secrete oily substance (Ex.
uropygial glands of birds, ceruminous glands and Meibomian
glands of human),

Answer 161

sebaceous gland

Question 162

❑Formed in the S. germinativum.
❑Found in terrestrial tetrapods
❑Shed and replaced from time to
time (ecdysis).
❑Ex. Scutes of turtles and snakes.

Answer 162

epidermal scales

Question 163

❑Derives from dermal bone.
❑Dermatome origin
❑Ex. Fishes scales

Answer 163

dermal scales

Question 164

-small, thick scales
-possessed only by Latimeria (lobe-finned
fish)

Answer 164

cosmoid scale

Question 165

thick layer of cosmoid scale

Answer 165

cosmine

Question 166

thin layer of cosmoid scale

Answer 166

enamel

Question 167

-consist of a basal plate embedded in the
dermis with a caudally directed spine
projecting to the epidermis
-spine contains a central pulp cavity for
blood vessels, nerve endings, & lymph
channels from the dermis

Answer 167

placoid

Question 168

plate and spine covering in placoid

Answer 168

dentine

Question 169

spine covering in placoid

Answer 169

enamel

Question 170

-rhomboidal in shape
-composed of bones

Answer 170

rhomboid/ganoid

Question 171

surface of the bone of rhomboid/ganoid

Answer 171

ganoin

Question 172

-bony layer is characterized by concentric
ridges (growth increments)
-anterior portion embedded in the dermis
-allow increased flexibility of the body

(2)

Answer 172

ctenoid
cycloid

Question 173

• Skin of most fish is Nonkeratinized and covered with
  mucus cuticle.

Answer 173

integument of fishes

Question 174

❑Prevent bacterial penetration.
❑Contributes to the laminar
flow of water across surface.
❑Make fish slippery to
predators.
❑Includes chemicals that are
repugnant or toxic to enemies.

Answer 174

fish integument

Question 175

• Alive and active on the body surface

Answer 175

epidermis of fishes

Question 176

No superficial layer of dead
keratinized cells

which epidermis of organism

Answer 176

fishes

Question 177

• Mitosis is not restricted to the basal
  layer in what organism

Answer 177

epidermis

Question 178

– make up the
stratified epidermis

Answer 178

epidermal cells

Question 179

contributes to the mucous cuticle.

Answer 179

specialized unicellular gland

Question 180

Specialized as a respiratory
surface (cutaneous respiration).

which integument of a group of animals

Answer 180

integument of amphibians

Question 181

four layers of epidermis in amphibians

Answer 181

S. basale
S. spinosum
S. granulosum
S. corneum

Question 182

dermis of amphibians consist of

Answer 182

S. spongiosum
S. compactum

Question 183

More adapted to terrestrial
environment.

which organism integument

Answer 183

integument of reptiles

Question 184

• Extensive keratinization.
• Fewer skin glands.

which integument organism

Answer 184

reptile

Question 185

epidermal
scales are present (scutes),
divided into three layers and
these are

Answer 185

epidermis

Question 186

three layers of reptilian epidermis

Answer 186

s. basale
s. granulosum
s. corneum

Question 187

composed of
fibrous connective tissues,
dermal bones are found in
crocodiles, lizards, and
extinct reptiles.

Answer 187

dermis

Question 188

• The shedding of skin.

Answer 188

molting

Question 189

Is usually periodic and
complete in snakes and
some lizards but often only
partial in other species.

Answer 189

molting

Question 190

Dependent upon the health
of the snake, the ambient
temperature, humidity and
other environmental
factors.

Answer 190

molting/ecdysis

Question 191

duplicates the deeper layers
of granulosum and corneum forming
new skin

Answer 191

s.basale

Question 192

A temporary layer filled with WBC
(stratum _____) is formed
between the old and new skin

Answer 192

intermedium

Question 193

promote the separation and
loss of the old superficial layer of
the skin

Answer 193

WBC

Question 194

Restricted to certain areas of the
body in reptiles

Answer 194

skin glands

Question 195

• Important in reproductive behavior
  and protection in reptiles

Answer 195

skin glands

Question 196

– found along
the underside of the hind limbs in the
thigh region of lizards.

Answer 196

femoral glands

Question 197

open into the
cloaca and on the margins of the
lower jaw in crocodiles and some
turtles

Answer 197

scent glands

Question 198

Adapted to free movement over
the muscles.

what group of organisms

Answer 198

aves

Question 199

Delicates except in exposed
areas (feet) in what organism

Answer 199

aves

Question 200

Covered and protected by
feathers.

which organism integument

Answer 200

aves

Question 201

epidermal layer in aves (2)

Answer 201

s. basale
s. corneum

Question 202

rich supplied with
blood, sensory nerves and
smooth muscles in aves

Answer 202

dermis

Question 203

highly
vascularized dermis in the
breast during brooding season in aves

Answer 203

brood patch

Question 204

secretes oil used for
preening makes the feather
water repellant.

Answer 204

uropygial gland

Question 205

– excrete
excess salt.

Answer 205

salt gland

Question 206

Are epidermal growths that
form a distinctive outer
covering, or plumage, on
dinosaurs, both avian (bird)
and some non-avian (nonbird) and possibly other
archosauromorphs.

Answer 206

feathers

Question 207

Each feather grows from a structure in the bird’s skin roughly comparable to a hair
follicle in humans. First the old feather falls away. As a new one grows, it starts to look
like a plastic drinking straw. Within this tube, or sheath, the feather itself develops, its
barbs crammed in a tight packed spiral. After the tip of the spiral splits, allowing the
feather to unfold, fan-like, into its final shape.

Answer 207

aves feather

Question 208

is a permanent pointed projection on the
head of various animals that consists of a covering
of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of
live bone.

Answer 208

horn

Question 209

are a single structure composed of
bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and
blood vessels

Answer 209

antlers

Question 210

single protrusion without forking
grow througout animal’s life are never shed
made of bone covered by a keratin sheath

Answer 210

horn

Question 211

extensions of the animal’s skull
made entirely of bone
shed and regrown in a larger size each year

Answer 211

antlers

Question 212

is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny
keratin covering.

Answer 212

hooves

Question 213

*Considered the most important organ
system in the study of vertebrate
morphology

Answer 213

skeletal system

Question 214

is a group of organs that originates
from the endodermic cells of the developing embryo

Answer 214

skeltal system

Question 215

cartilaginous cells

Answer 215

chonrdocytes

Question 216

calcified cells

Answer 216

osseous cells

Question 217

dentin

Answer 217

odontoblast

Question 218

enamel

Answer 218

ameloblast

Question 219

cartilage

Answer 219

chondroblast

Question 220

bone

Answer 220

osteoblast

Question 221

Forms an important part of the endoskeleton in ALL VERTEBRATES

Answer 221

cartilage

Question 222

Comprise the most of the endoskeleton in HIGHER VERTEBRATES

Answer 222

bones

Question 223

Inorganic components of bone comprises 60% of the dry weight

what inorganic compound

Answer 223

calcium hydroxyapatite crystal

Question 224

• Organic component is primarily ___, which gives bone great tensile strength

Answer 224

collagen

Question 225

• Provides support and movement
• Protects vital organs
• Major site of red marrow for production of blood cells.
• Plays a role in the metabolism of minerals (calcium and
  phosphate)

Answer 225

bones

Question 226

solid, strong bone that is resistant to bending located along the diaphysis of long bones

Answer 226

compact bone

Question 227

provide solid structure to the skeletal frame, forms a hollow tube called the medullary cavity

Answer 227

compact bone

Question 228

made of many branching, bony plates

located in the epiphysis of long bones

Answer 228

spongy bone

Question 229

reduces the weight of the bone

provide strength to bones especially against forces of compression

bone marrow is housed between the bony plates

Answer 229

spongy bone

Question 230

highly organized transformation of cartilage to bone, occurs at primary and secondary offication centers

Answer 230

endochondral

Question 231

apoositional periosteal bone formaton

Answer 231

intramembranous

Question 232

Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdle, dentin and
other bones develops in the skin
( TELEOSTS,URODELES and APODANS

t/f

Answer 232

true

Question 233

includes the box that encloses the brain and the capusles surrounding the sense organs

Answer 233

neurocranium/chondrocranium

Question 234

visceral portion of the skil lthat supports the gills and contributes to the jaws

Answer 234

splanchnocranium

Question 235

dermal bone that is beleived to be derived from the external armor of primitive fish

Answer 235

dermatocranium

Question 236

retain a cartilaginous neurocranium throughout life

Answer 236

cartilaginous fishes

Question 237

retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium that is covered by membrane bone

Answer 237

bony fishes, lungfishes, most ganoids

Question 238

embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium is largely replaced by replacement bone

Answer 238

other bony vertebrates

Question 239

cartilage surrounding the foramen magnum may be replaced as many as four bones

Answer 239

occipital centers

Question 240

form the basisphenoid bone, presphenoid bone, side walls above basisphenoid

Answer 240

sphenoid center

Question 241

tend to remain cartilaginous and form

what center

Answer 241

ethmoid center

Question 242

the cartilaginous otic capsule is replaced in lower vertebrates by several bones

Answer 242

otic centers

Question 243

Several cartilaginous of the embryonic
neurocranium remains in adults as more
or less independent cartilages

t/f

Answer 243

true

Question 244

retain a
chondrocranium throughout life

Answer 244

cartilaginous fishes

Question 245

retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium

Answer 245

bony fishes, lungfish, most ganoids

Question 246

embryonic cartilaginous
neurocranium is largely replaced by bone
in which group of animals

Answer 246

tetrapods

Question 247

primitive skull, has no temporal fenestra, possessed by turtles and other primitive reptiles

Answer 247

anapsid skull

Question 248

has two temporal fenestrae, possessed by most members of diapsida including crocodile, birds, and lizards

Answer 248

diapsid

Question 249

derived diapsid, skull where the lower temporal fenestra is lost

Answer 249

euryapsid skull

Question 250

has one fenestra located in a different place than the euryapsid skull

Answer 250

synapsid skull

Question 251

composed of dermal bones that overlie the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium

Answer 251

dermatocranium

Question 252

formes the sides and roof of the skull protecting the brain, it also forms most of the bony lining of the roof of the mouth and encases much of splanchnocranium

Answer 252

dermatocranium

Question 253

completes the protective cover of the brain and jaws

Answer 253

dermatocranium

Question 254

have simple skull and the number of dermal bones present is reduced, some have tended to be lost or fused

which organism

Answer 254

modern fishes and amphibians

Question 255

encircles the external naris forming the snout

Answer 255

facial series

Question 256

dermatocranium part that encircles defining the orbit

Answer 256

orbital series

Question 257

located across the top of the skull covering the brain beneath

dermatocranium part

Answer 257

vault series or roofing bones

Question 258

dermal bones of the primary palate covering the roof of the mouth

dermatocranium part

Answer 258

palatal series

Question 259

encases the meckel’s cartilage

dermatocranium part

Answer 259

mandibular series

Question 260

an ancient chordate structure associated wth the filter feeding surface

Answer 260

splanchnocranium

Question 261

arises from the neural crest cells departed from the sides of neural tube and migrate into the walls of the pharynx between successive pharyngeal slits

Answer 261

splanchnocranum

Question 262

Make up the skeleton of the jaws and gills in Fishes and
Amphibians

Answer 262

splanchnocranium

Question 263

May remain cartilaginous or become covered by dermal
bone

Answer 263

splanchnocranium

Question 264

characteristic of agnathans, none of the arches attach directly to the skull

Answer 264

paleostylic

Question 265

earliest jawed condition, found in placoderms and acanthodians, the mandibular arch is suspended from the skull by itself without aid from the hyoid arch

Answer 265

euautostylic

Question 266

found in early sharks, some osteichthytes, and crosspterygians

• attached to the braincase through two primary articulation
• anteriorly by a ligament connecting the the palatoquadrate to the skull
• posteriorly by the hyomandubula

Answer 266

amphistylic

Question 267

found in most bony fishes

the mandibular arch is attached to the braincase primarily through the hyomandibula with the aid of the symplectic bone

Answer 267

hyostylic

Question 268

found in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds

attached to the braincase directly through the quadrate bone

Answer 268

metautostylic

Question 269

found in mammals

the entire upper jaw is part of the braincase but the lower jaw called dentary bone is suspended from the dermal squamosal bone of the braincase

Answer 269

craniostylic

Question 270

forms the main axis of the body

Answer 270

axial skeleton

Question 271

composed of the notochord, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull

Answer 271

axial skeleton

Question 272

primitive axial skeleton, replaced by the vertebral column

Answer 272

notochord

Question 273

unsegmented and composed of dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer 273

notochord

Question 274

main axial support of vertebrates

Answer 274

vertebral column

Question 275

a vertebra is compsoed of a centrum, one or two arches, and various process

t/f

Answer 275

true

Question 276

no centra

Answer 276

aspondyly

Question 277

with only one centrum per segment

Answer 277

monospondyly

Question 278

monospondylous vertebra in which the single centrum is separate

Answer 278

stereospondyly

Question 279

with two centra per segment

Answer 279

diplospondyly

Question 280

diplospondylous vertebra in which the approximate equal sized centra are separate

Answer 280

embolomerous

Question 281

with to five or six centra per segment

Answer 281

polyspondyly

Question 282

the centra and spines are separate

Answer 282

aspidospondyly

Question 283

as aspidospondylous vertebra with numerous separate part that constitute each vertebra segment

Answer 283

rhachitomous

Question 284

the centra and spines are fused into a single bone

Answer 284

holospondyly

Question 285

a holospondylous vertebra with a husk, shaped centrum usually pierced by a notochordal canal

Answer 285

lepospondyly

Question 286

– persistent in adults jawless vertebrates, Placoderms,
Chimaeras, Pleurachants, Dipnoans, Acanthodians, Crossopterygians and
Primitive ray-finned fishes

Answer 286

notochord

Question 287

have no free caudal vertebrae instead a rodlike urostyle

Answer 287

anurans

Question 288

• Most reptiles have amore distinct cervical regions and two sacral
  vertebra

t/f

Answer 288

true

Question 289

have more specialized and more uniform spines that other tetrapods
and with numerous cervical vertebrae, 10- 20 heterocoelous vertebrae,
10-20 trunk, 5-6 caudal vertebrae fused to two sacral vertebrae called
synsacrum

Answer 289

bird

Question 290

derived from the fusion of 4-7 vertebrae which supports the tail
feathers

Answer 290

pygostyle

Question 291

are unique in forming bony platelike caps or
epiphyses at the ends of their centra posterior to the first
intervertebral joint

Answer 291

mammals

Question 292

series of cartilaginous or elongated bony structures served as attachment for the vertebrae extending into the body wall

Answer 292

ribs

Question 293

meet ventrally with the sternum, consit of two jointed segment

Answer 293

true ribs

Question 294

articulate with each other but not with the sternum

Answer 294

false ribs

Question 295

do not articulate ventrally

Answer 295

floating ribs

Question 296

midventral skeletal element that usually articulates with the more anterior thoracic ribs with the pectoral girdle

Answer 296

sternum

Question 297

occur in all jawless vertebrate and fishes

Answer 297

median fin

Question 298

fin located along the middorsal line

Answer 298

dorsal fin

Question 299

rod-like radials that supports each fin in primitive vertebrates

Answer 299

pterygiophores

Question 300

if the spine is straight to the tip of the tail with equal dorsal and ventral lobe of the tail

Answer 300

diphycercal

Question 301

if the spine tilts downward with longer ventral lobe than dorsal lobe

Answer 301

hypocercal

Question 302

if the spine tilts upward with longer dorsal lobe than ventral lobe

Answer 302

heterocercal

Question 303

if the all the fin membrane is posterior to the spine with equal dorsal and ventral lobe

Answer 303

homocercal

Question 304

older, larger and more complicated than pelvic girdle

Answer 304

pectoral girdle

Question 305

have a bladelike scapula that is oriented parallel to the spine

Answer 305

birds

Question 306

the only membrane bone retained in therian mammals is ___

Answer 306

clavicle

Question 307

tetrapods pelvic girlde is much enlarged over that of fishes and is relatively uniform in basic structure

t/f

Answer 307

t

Question 308

had a solid, triangular shaped pelvic girdle with the ilium forming the apex

Answer 308

primitive amphibians

Question 309

have various shapes patterned after the basic plan of labyrinthodonts

Answer 309

reptiles

Question 310

have a large pelvic girdle that is firmly attached to the synsacrum

Answer 310

birds

Question 311

have a long and expanded ilium extending only forward from the acetabulum

Answer 311

mammals

Question 312

• First to appear is a single piece – ______ (forelimb0 or the ___
  (hindlimb)

Answer 312

humerus
femur

Question 313

Bones of the wrist

Answer 313

carpus

Question 314

Ankle

Answer 314

tarsus

Question 315

fins that are stronger and more firmly
related to the axial skeleton

Answer 315

pectoral fin
pelvic fin

Question 316

– collective term for carpal and tarsal bones

Answer 316

podial

Question 317

Forefoot

Answer 317

manus

Question 318

hindfoot

Answer 318

pes

Question 319

– collective term for metacarpals and metatarsals

Answer 319

metapodials

Question 320

have short limbs splayed on the sides of the body

Answer 320

amphibians

Question 321

marrow of long bones produce blood cells, a function not
performed by the skeleton of fishes.

Answer 321

amphibians and higher vertebrates

Question 322

have limbs positioned far to the sides of the body except some
dinosaurs and mammal-like reptiles which are under body

Answer 322

reptiles

Question 323

Limbs are usually stronger than amphibians

t/f

Answer 323

true

Question 324

• Hindlimbs is disproportionally larger than the forelimbs

what organism

Answer 324

amphibians

Question 325

are usually cartilaginous but
* may ossify in lizards

Answer 325

epiphyses

Question 326

may be added to
* the outside of the carpus, and the tibiale

what bone

Answer 326

pisiform

Question 327

pharyngeal formula in reptiles

Answer 327

3-4-5-3 manus
2-3-4-5-4 pes

Question 328

uniform and specialized limb structure

what organism

Answer 328

birds

Question 329

Phalageal formula of foot in aves

Answer 329

2-3-4-5-0

Question 330

• Avian wing has ____ digits

Answer 330

three

Question 331

• Have bony epiphyses on each end of the long bones
• Distal ends of the metapodials, and on the proximal ends of all
  but the terminal phalanges the pisiform is retained

Answer 331

mammals

Question 332

forms the heelbone or calcaneum

Answer 332

tarsus, fibulare

Question 333

basic phalangeal formula in mammal

Answer 333

2-3-3-3-3

Question 334

bones embedded in or interrupting tendon

Answer 334

sesamoid bone

Question 335

largest is patella or knee cap

Answer 335

sesamoid bone

Question 336

bone in the penis of carnivores, bats, insectivores, rodents, and some primates

Answer 336

baculum

Question 337

Of an animal, physically adapted only for moving slowly over land, due to a high body weight; examples include giant tortoises.

Answer 337

graviportal

Question 338

having limbs adapted for running.

Answer 338

cursorial

Question 339

adaptations for flight

Answer 339

volant

Question 340

is the term most often used to refer to the self-generated movements of any animal through the air

Answer 340

aerial

Question 341

a type of hopping gait that in mammals can be found in rabbits, hares, kangaroos, and some species of rodents

Answer 341

saltatorial

Question 342

biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium.

Answer 342

aquatic

Question 343

the modified movement of animals that dig and live underground.

Answer 343

fossorial

Question 344

An animal that spends at least some of its time climbing

Answer 344

scansorial

Question 345

is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them.

Answer 345

arboreal