Midterms Lec 2/2 Flashcards
the branch of biology that studies the prenatal
development of gametes (sex cells),
fertilization, and development of embryos and
fetuses
embryology
number of chromosomes in a haploid
23
number of diploid chromosomes
46
“Ontogeny
recapitulates phylogeny
Ernst Haeckel
theorizes that the stages an
animal embryo undergoes
during development are a
chronological replay of that
species’ past evolutionary
forms.
Ernst Haeckel
Recapitulation is
not the only relationship between
embryos and ancestors.
Gavin de Beers
Embryonic structures may or
may not be present from their
ancestors or descendants.
t/f
true
vestigial
(lost); or retained to adulthood.
embryonic structures
Developmental stages may be
repeated in later stage but not
in earlier stages.
t/f
false
Developmental sequence may or
may not be altered in the
descendant
t/f
t
are an organism’s reproductive
cells or sex cells.
gametes
are haploid cells, and each cell
carries only one copy of each
chromosome
gametes
– process
of formation of gametes.
gametogenesis
produces testosterone in the presence of
luteinizing hormone (LH).
leydig cells
s a “nurse” cell of a seminiferous tubule and
helps in the process of spermatogenesis
sertoli cells
is the final stage of spermatogenesis,
which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature
spermatozoa
spermiogenesis
– an endocrine structure that
continuously release hormones responsible for the
thickening of the endometrium in the uterus.
corpus luteum
- Is the fusion of haploid gametes, egg and sperm, to form the
diploid zygote
fertilization
- Also known as cellulation (the
formation of the blastomeres).
cleavage
- The process by which the
zygote undergo repeated
mitotic cell division.
cleavage
- is a mass of 16
totipotent cells in a spherical
shape
morule
spherical layer
of cells (the blastoderm)
surrounding a fluid-filled or
yolk-filled cavity (the
blastocoel).
blastula
EPIBLAST or
EPIMERE; developing embryo
nourished by the vegetal pole
(dorsal cells–ECTODERM)
animal pole
– HYPOBLAST or
HYPOMERE or developing yolk;
nourishes the embryo GUT
(ventral cells–ENDODERM)
vegetal pole
- Egg contains no yolk
(Eutherian mammals).
alecithal
- Egg contain small or
negligible amount of yolk (Amphioxus,
Tunicates).
microlecithal
- Egg contains moderate
amount of yolk (Dipnoi, Petromyzon)
mesolecithal
Egg
contains high amount of yolk (Reptile,
Birds).
macrolecithal
A very little amount of yolk present and is
uniformly distributed through out the egg
(Echinoderm, Amphioxus, Mammals)
isolecithal/homolecithal
Egg contains moderate or large amount of yolk,
distribution of yolk is unequal (concentrated in
the Vegetal pole).
teleolecithal
Type of cleavage furrow
bisects the entire egg.
holoblastic
Type of cleavage furrow
restricted to the active
cytoplasm found either in the
animal pole (macrolecithal
egg)
meroblastic
holoblastic;
unequal-sized blastomeres
cleavage in amphibians
mesolecithal
larger
blastomeres; nourishes the
embryo; slower development
amphibians
vegetal pole
smaller
blastomeres; developing
embryo
amphibians
animal pole
towards animal
pole
amphibian
blastocoel
– “meroblastic”
(partial cleavage); unequalsized blastomeres
aves
macrolecithal
– large size yolk
mass; too great to be
penetrated by cleavage furrow
birds
vegetal pole
– is relatively
small (blastoderm)
aves
animal pole
wide/narrow blastocoel in aves
narrow
- holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres.
mammals
microlecithal
- is a structure
formed in the early development
of mammals
blastocyst
Cell
found inside the blastocyst (is
the mass of cells that give rise to
the definitive structures of the
embryo)
inncer cell mass
- Cells found
outside the blastocyst (provide
nutrients to the embryo and
develop into a large part of the
placenta)
trophoblast
- Process in which the single-layered blastula is reorganized
into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.
gastrulation
- Cell movements result in a massive reorganization of the
embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into
a multi-layered organism.
gastrulation
Formation of the three (3)
embryonic germ layers.
gastrulation
- Formation of the embryonic
gut (archenteron
gastrulation
Appearance of the major body
axes.
gastrulation
– the
outermost layer (forms skin,
brain, the nervous system,
and other external tissues)
ectoderm
the middle
layer (forms muscle, the
skeletal system, and the
circulatory system)
mesoderm
– the
innermost layer (forms the
lining of the gut and other
internal organs)
endoderm
Multipotent stromal cells that
can differentiate into a
variety of cell types
mesenchymal stem cell
Unspecialized pack of tissue
of a developing embryo and
its cells enter into the
formation of specialized
tissues.
mesenchymal stem cell
having a body derived from only two embryonic cell layers (ectoderm
and endoderm, but no mesoderm), as in sponges and coelenterates
diploblastic
layer in between ecto derm and endoderm in diploblastic
mesoglea
having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm,
mesoderm, and endoderm), as in all multicellular animals except sponges and
coelenterates.
triploblastic
Animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth (primitive invertebrates)
protostome
- Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus (echinoderms and chordates)
deuterostome
Refers to the folding process
in vertebrate embryos, which
includes the transformation
of the neural plate into the
neural tube.
neurulation
The embryo at this stage is
termed the neurula.
neurulation
It is the process by which the three germ tissue layers of the
embryo, which are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm,
develop into the internal organs of the organism
organogenesis
- Migration of primordial germ cells (Mesenchyme).
organogenesis
Establishes the head and tail
what type of embryo
holoblastic embryo
3 germ layers spread faced down on the uncleaved yolk
what type of embryo
meroblastic embryo
major structure that formed are:
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- gill
- esophagus
- lung
foregut
major structure that formed are:
- stomach
- live
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- intestine
- germ cells of gonads
- part of yolk sac
midgut
major strucutre that formed are:
- urinary bladder
- cloaca
- anus
hindgut
major structure formed is dermis
outer epimere - dermatome
major structure formed is muscles: axial, appendicular, branchiomeric, hypobranchial
middle epimere - myotome
major structure is vertebral column
inner epimere - scletrotome
major structure is notochord
chordamesoderm
major struccture is kidney; urogenital ducts
intermediate mesoderm
major structrure is bones: ribs, sternum, appendicualr skeleton
somatic hypomere
major structure that forms the blood, heart, gut, smooth muscle, visceral perotineum
splanchnic hypomere
major structure is skin epidermis; teeth enamel; stomodeum
somatic ectoderm
major structure is brain; spinal cord
neural plate ectoderm
major structure is capsules: olfactory, optic, otic, epibranchial capsule; neuromast
epidermal placodes
major structure is spinal ganglia; splanchnocranium; neurocranum; dermatocranium
ectomesenchyme (neural crest)
membranes which assist in the development of the embryo
extraembryonic membranes
originate from the embryo, but are not considered part of it
extraembryonic membranes
typically perform roles in nutrition, gas exchange, and waste
remova
extraembryonic membranes
- Eggs are laid in water; yolk sac is the only fetal membrane formed
fish
formed from 3 germ layers to absorb the yolk into the body
yolk sac
- Respiration and excretion are direct contact with the environment
which organism
fish
protects the embryo
in a sac filled with amniotic
fluid
in reptiles and birds
amnion
- contains yolk —
the sole source of food until
hatching (mixture or proteins
and lipoproteins).
reptiles and birds
yolk sac
- lines the inner
surface of the shell (which is
permeable to gases) and
participates in the exchange of
O2
and CO2
between the
embryo and the outside air
reptiles and birds
chorion
stores metabolic
wastes (chiefly uric acid) of the
embryo and participates in gas
exchange.
reptiles and birds
allantois
Mammals that produce a shelled
egg like their reptilian ancestors
monotremes
(echidna) and
Duckbill platypus
monotremes
Pouched mammals (no typical
placenta)
metaherian
- Embryo is poorly supplied with
yolk, yolk sac provides a
rudimentary connection to the
mother’s blood (food, oxygen, and
other essentials).
metaherian
The young are born in a very
immature state (they are able to
crawl into a pouch on the mother’s
abdomen, attach themselves to
nipples, and drink milk from her
mammary glands)
metaherian
- Placental mammals.
eutherian
The extraembryonic membranes
form a placenta and umbilical cord
(connect the embryo to the mother’s
uterus)
eutherian
- Placenta functions include gas
exchange, metabolic transfer,
hormone secretion, and
fetal protection.
eutherian
- The outer covering of
the body of vertebrates.
integument
Includes the mucous
membranes.
integument
- Forms the interface
between organisms and
the external
environment.
integument
*stratified
squamous
(keratinized)
epithelial tissue
*glue-like layer
basement membrane
*dense, fibrous
connective tissue
*blood vessel, nerves, etc.
dermis
*superficial fascia
*subcutaneous tissue
hypodermis
ectoderm origin
layer of the skin
epidermis
mesoderm origin
which layers
dermis
hypodermis
Made up of stratified
squamous layer of epithelial
tissues.
epidermis
layer of epidermis
corneum
lucidum
granulosum
spinosum
germinativum/basale
90% of epidermal cells; produce keratin
keratinocytes
- 8 % of epidermal cells; produce melanin
melanocytes
capable of trapping antigen in the skin.
langerhans cells
make contact with the ending of a sensory neuron.
merkel cells
Contains a number of structures
including blood vessels, nerves,
hair follicles, smooth muscle,
glands and lymphatic tissue
dermis
Consists of loose connective
tissue otherwise called areolar
connective tissue - collagen,
elastin and reticular fibers are
present.
dermis
- Provides tensile strength, and
physiologic support for the
interfacing epidermis
dermis
The hypodermis is not part of
the skin, and lies below the
dermis.
hypodermis
Its purpose is to attach the
skin to underlying bone and
muscle as well as supplying it
with blood vessels and nerves.
hypodermis
It consists of loose connective
tissue and elastin.
hypodermis
Fat serves as padding and
insulation for the body
hypodermis
Provides concealing coloration to
the integument
chromatophores
Various colors are produced by
combinations of different
chromatophores and by different
degrees of dispersion of pigment
granules
chromatophores
- Skin color also depends on the
background color of the stratum ____
germinativum
Some vertebrates have the ability to
change color
metachromatosis
metachromatosis),
controlled by the endocrine and the
nervous system.
t/f
true
Produce yellow, brown to black
pigment
melanophores
Produce yellow, brown to black
pigment
melanophores
Melanin protects chromosomes in
the S. basale from UV lights.
t/f
true
melanin is concentrated in one
spot
freckles and moles
❑Carotenoids (yellow,
orange, red pigments)
lipophores
yellow pigment
xanthophores
red pigment
erythrophores
Causes iridescence in
vertebrates (fishes)
iridophores or guanophores
Contains guanin (purine)
crystals
iridophores/guanophores
Refers to a type of epithelial tissue involved in the production and
release of different secretory products, such as sweat, saliva, breast
milk, digestive enzymes, and hormones, among many other
substances
glandular epithelium
are glands that secrete substances onto an
epithelial surface by way of a duct.
exocrine gland
classification of exocrine gland based on numbers of cell
unicellular
multicellular
- Elongated, binucleated
(amphibians) - Secretes mucus
- May contain chemicals that
stimulates alarm or fear
club cells
- Secretes mucus in skin (lampreys
& other fishes)
granular cells
- Narrow apical end, wide base
(osteichthyes & chondricthyes) - Secretes mucus
goblet cells
- Secrete large, membrane-bound
toxic products to repel enemies
sacciform cells
based on branching pattern of ducts
simple
compound
short, blind tubes located in
the dermis and extend to the
surface
simple tubular
type of multicellular gland include thumb pads, ceruminous glands
simple tubular
-long, narrow tube, coiled distal
end located in the dermis
-openings are referred to as
pores of the skin
simple coiled
example include sweat glands
simple coiled
-divides at its distal ends into
two or more branches
simple branched
example include sweat glands in the axilla
sweat branched
-consist of a varying number of
simple tubular glands
compound tubular
example include mammary glands
compound tubular
-only one expanded bulb
or acinus at the end of the
duct
simple saccular
examples include mucous and poison glands
simple saccular
-with several acini arranged
along a single excretory
duct
Meibomian gland
-with single acinus divided
by partitions into several
smaller acini
sebaceous or oil gland
-composed of several
simple saccular glands
called lobules
compound saccular
what type of saccular gland in mammary gland
compound saccular
vesicle fuse with the cell membrane to secrete the product of the gland
merocrine
part of the cell is pinched off to release the product
apocrine
a mature cell dies completely to secrete the product
holocrine
secrete mucus (Ex. unicellular gland of
aquatic vertebrates and some simple saccular glands of fishes
and amphibians)
mucous gland
(sudoriferous glands) - secrete watery
substance; (e.g. sweat glands)
serous gland
Secrete oily substance (Ex.
uropygial glands of birds, ceruminous glands and Meibomian
glands of human),
sebaceous gland
❑Formed in the S. germinativum.
❑Found in terrestrial tetrapods
❑Shed and replaced from time to
time (ecdysis).
❑Ex. Scutes of turtles and snakes.
epidermal scales
❑Derives from dermal bone.
❑Dermatome origin
❑Ex. Fishes scales
dermal scales
-small, thick scales
-possessed only by Latimeria (lobe-finned
fish)
cosmoid scale
thick layer of cosmoid scale
cosmine
thin layer of cosmoid scale
enamel
-consist of a basal plate embedded in the
dermis with a caudally directed spine
projecting to the epidermis
-spine contains a central pulp cavity for
blood vessels, nerve endings, & lymph
channels from the dermis
placoid
plate and spine covering in placoid
dentine
spine covering in placoid
enamel
-rhomboidal in shape
-composed of bones
rhomboid/ganoid
surface of the bone of rhomboid/ganoid
ganoin
-bony layer is characterized by concentric
ridges (growth increments)
-anterior portion embedded in the dermis
-allow increased flexibility of the body
(2)
ctenoid
cycloid
- Skin of most fish is Nonkeratinized and covered with
mucus cuticle.
integument of fishes
❑Prevent bacterial penetration.
❑Contributes to the laminar
flow of water across surface.
❑Make fish slippery to
predators.
❑Includes chemicals that are
repugnant or toxic to enemies.
fish integument
- Alive and active on the body surface
epidermis of fishes
No superficial layer of dead
keratinized cells
which epidermis of organism
fishes
- Mitosis is not restricted to the basal
layer in what organism
epidermis
– make up the
stratified epidermis
epidermal cells
contributes to the mucous cuticle.
specialized unicellular gland
Specialized as a respiratory
surface (cutaneous respiration).
which integument of a group of animals
integument of amphibians
four layers of epidermis in amphibians
S. basale
S. spinosum
S. granulosum
S. corneum
dermis of amphibians consist of
S. spongiosum
S. compactum
More adapted to terrestrial
environment.
which organism integument
integument of reptiles
- Extensive keratinization.
- Fewer skin glands.
which integument organism
reptile
epidermal
scales are present (scutes),
divided into three layers and
these are
epidermis
three layers of reptilian epidermis
s. basale
s. granulosum
s. corneum
composed of
fibrous connective tissues,
dermal bones are found in
crocodiles, lizards, and
extinct reptiles.
dermis
- The shedding of skin.
molting
Is usually periodic and
complete in snakes and
some lizards but often only
partial in other species.
molting
Dependent upon the health
of the snake, the ambient
temperature, humidity and
other environmental
factors.
molting/ecdysis
duplicates the deeper layers
of granulosum and corneum forming
new skin
s.basale
A temporary layer filled with WBC
(stratum _____) is formed
between the old and new skin
intermedium
promote the separation and
loss of the old superficial layer of
the skin
WBC
Restricted to certain areas of the
body in reptiles
skin glands
- Important in reproductive behavior
and protection in reptiles
skin glands
– found along
the underside of the hind limbs in the
thigh region of lizards.
femoral glands
open into the
cloaca and on the margins of the
lower jaw in crocodiles and some
turtles
scent glands
Adapted to free movement over
the muscles.
what group of organisms
aves
Delicates except in exposed
areas (feet) in what organism
aves
Covered and protected by
feathers.
which organism integument
aves
epidermal layer in aves (2)
s. basale
s. corneum
rich supplied with
blood, sensory nerves and
smooth muscles in aves
dermis
highly
vascularized dermis in the
breast during brooding season in aves
brood patch
secretes oil used for
preening makes the feather
water repellant.
uropygial gland
– excrete
excess salt.
salt gland
Are epidermal growths that
form a distinctive outer
covering, or plumage, on
dinosaurs, both avian (bird)
and some non-avian (nonbird) and possibly other
archosauromorphs.
feathers
Each feather grows from a structure in the bird’s skin roughly comparable to a hair
follicle in humans. First the old feather falls away. As a new one grows, it starts to look
like a plastic drinking straw. Within this tube, or sheath, the feather itself develops, its
barbs crammed in a tight packed spiral. After the tip of the spiral splits, allowing the
feather to unfold, fan-like, into its final shape.
aves feather
is a permanent pointed projection on the
head of various animals that consists of a covering
of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of
live bone.
horn
are a single structure composed of
bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and
blood vessels
antlers
single protrusion without forking
grow througout animal’s life are never shed
made of bone covered by a keratin sheath
horn
extensions of the animal’s skull
made entirely of bone
shed and regrown in a larger size each year
antlers
is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny
keratin covering.
hooves
*Considered the most important organ
system in the study of vertebrate
morphology
skeletal system
is a group of organs that originates
from the endodermic cells of the developing embryo
skeltal system
cartilaginous cells
chonrdocytes
calcified cells
osseous cells
dentin
odontoblast
enamel
ameloblast
cartilage
chondroblast
bone
osteoblast
Forms an important part of the endoskeleton in ALL VERTEBRATES
cartilage
Comprise the most of the endoskeleton in HIGHER VERTEBRATES
bones
Inorganic components of bone comprises 60% of the dry weight
what inorganic compound
calcium hydroxyapatite crystal
- Organic component is primarily ___, which gives bone great tensile strength
collagen
- Provides support and movement
- Protects vital organs
- Major site of red marrow for production of blood cells.
- Plays a role in the metabolism of minerals (calcium and
phosphate)
bones
solid, strong bone that is resistant to bending located along the diaphysis of long bones
compact bone
provide solid structure to the skeletal frame, forms a hollow tube called the medullary cavity
compact bone
made of many branching, bony plates
located in the epiphysis of long bones
spongy bone
reduces the weight of the bone
provide strength to bones especially against forces of compression
bone marrow is housed between the bony plates
spongy bone
highly organized transformation of cartilage to bone, occurs at primary and secondary offication centers
endochondral
apoositional periosteal bone formaton
intramembranous
Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdle, dentin and
other bones develops in the skin
( TELEOSTS,URODELES and APODANS
t/f
true
includes the box that encloses the brain and the capusles surrounding the sense organs
neurocranium/chondrocranium
visceral portion of the skil lthat supports the gills and contributes to the jaws
splanchnocranium
dermal bone that is beleived to be derived from the external armor of primitive fish
dermatocranium
retain a cartilaginous neurocranium throughout life
cartilaginous fishes
retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium that is covered by membrane bone
bony fishes, lungfishes, most ganoids
embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium is largely replaced by replacement bone
other bony vertebrates
cartilage surrounding the foramen magnum may be replaced as many as four bones
occipital centers
form the basisphenoid bone, presphenoid bone, side walls above basisphenoid
sphenoid center
tend to remain cartilaginous and form
what center
ethmoid center
the cartilaginous otic capsule is replaced in lower vertebrates by several bones
otic centers
Several cartilaginous of the embryonic
neurocranium remains in adults as more
or less independent cartilages
t/f
true
retain a
chondrocranium throughout life
cartilaginous fishes
retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium
bony fishes, lungfish, most ganoids
embryonic cartilaginous
neurocranium is largely replaced by bone
in which group of animals
tetrapods
primitive skull, has no temporal fenestra, possessed by turtles and other primitive reptiles
anapsid skull
has two temporal fenestrae, possessed by most members of diapsida including crocodile, birds, and lizards
diapsid
derived diapsid, skull where the lower temporal fenestra is lost
euryapsid skull
has one fenestra located in a different place than the euryapsid skull
synapsid skull
composed of dermal bones that overlie the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium
dermatocranium
formes the sides and roof of the skull protecting the brain, it also forms most of the bony lining of the roof of the mouth and encases much of splanchnocranium
dermatocranium
completes the protective cover of the brain and jaws
dermatocranium
have simple skull and the number of dermal bones present is reduced, some have tended to be lost or fused
which organism
modern fishes and amphibians
encircles the external naris forming the snout
facial series
dermatocranium part that encircles defining the orbit
orbital series
located across the top of the skull covering the brain beneath
dermatocranium part
vault series or roofing bones
dermal bones of the primary palate covering the roof of the mouth
dermatocranium part
palatal series
encases the meckel’s cartilage
dermatocranium part
mandibular series
an ancient chordate structure associated wth the filter feeding surface
splanchnocranium
arises from the neural crest cells departed from the sides of neural tube and migrate into the walls of the pharynx between successive pharyngeal slits
splanchnocranum
Make up the skeleton of the jaws and gills in Fishes and
Amphibians
splanchnocranium
May remain cartilaginous or become covered by dermal
bone
splanchnocranium
characteristic of agnathans, none of the arches attach directly to the skull
paleostylic
earliest jawed condition, found in placoderms and acanthodians, the mandibular arch is suspended from the skull by itself without aid from the hyoid arch
euautostylic
found in early sharks, some osteichthytes, and crosspterygians
- attached to the braincase through two primary articulation
- anteriorly by a ligament connecting the the palatoquadrate to the skull
- posteriorly by the hyomandubula
amphistylic
found in most bony fishes
the mandibular arch is attached to the braincase primarily through the hyomandibula with the aid of the symplectic bone
hyostylic
found in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds
attached to the braincase directly through the quadrate bone
metautostylic
found in mammals
the entire upper jaw is part of the braincase but the lower jaw called dentary bone is suspended from the dermal squamosal bone of the braincase
craniostylic
forms the main axis of the body
axial skeleton
composed of the notochord, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull
axial skeleton
primitive axial skeleton, replaced by the vertebral column
notochord
unsegmented and composed of dense fibrous connective tissue
notochord
main axial support of vertebrates
vertebral column
a vertebra is compsoed of a centrum, one or two arches, and various process
t/f
true
no centra
aspondyly
with only one centrum per segment
monospondyly
monospondylous vertebra in which the single centrum is separate
stereospondyly
with two centra per segment
diplospondyly
diplospondylous vertebra in which the approximate equal sized centra are separate
embolomerous
with to five or six centra per segment
polyspondyly
the centra and spines are separate
aspidospondyly
as aspidospondylous vertebra with numerous separate part that constitute each vertebra segment
rhachitomous
the centra and spines are fused into a single bone
holospondyly
a holospondylous vertebra with a husk, shaped centrum usually pierced by a notochordal canal
lepospondyly
– persistent in adults jawless vertebrates, Placoderms,
Chimaeras, Pleurachants, Dipnoans, Acanthodians, Crossopterygians and
Primitive ray-finned fishes
notochord
have no free caudal vertebrae instead a rodlike urostyle
anurans
- Most reptiles have amore distinct cervical regions and two sacral
vertebra
t/f
true
have more specialized and more uniform spines that other tetrapods
and with numerous cervical vertebrae, 10- 20 heterocoelous vertebrae,
10-20 trunk, 5-6 caudal vertebrae fused to two sacral vertebrae called
synsacrum
bird
derived from the fusion of 4-7 vertebrae which supports the tail
feathers
pygostyle
are unique in forming bony platelike caps or
epiphyses at the ends of their centra posterior to the first
intervertebral joint
mammals
series of cartilaginous or elongated bony structures served as attachment for the vertebrae extending into the body wall
ribs
meet ventrally with the sternum, consit of two jointed segment
true ribs
articulate with each other but not with the sternum
false ribs
do not articulate ventrally
floating ribs
midventral skeletal element that usually articulates with the more anterior thoracic ribs with the pectoral girdle
sternum
occur in all jawless vertebrate and fishes
median fin
fin located along the middorsal line
dorsal fin
rod-like radials that supports each fin in primitive vertebrates
pterygiophores
if the spine is straight to the tip of the tail with equal dorsal and ventral lobe of the tail
diphycercal
if the spine tilts downward with longer ventral lobe than dorsal lobe
hypocercal
if the spine tilts upward with longer dorsal lobe than ventral lobe
heterocercal
if the all the fin membrane is posterior to the spine with equal dorsal and ventral lobe
homocercal
older, larger and more complicated than pelvic girdle
pectoral girdle
have a bladelike scapula that is oriented parallel to the spine
birds
the only membrane bone retained in therian mammals is ___
clavicle
tetrapods pelvic girlde is much enlarged over that of fishes and is relatively uniform in basic structure
t/f
t
had a solid, triangular shaped pelvic girdle with the ilium forming the apex
primitive amphibians
have various shapes patterned after the basic plan of labyrinthodonts
reptiles
have a large pelvic girdle that is firmly attached to the synsacrum
birds
have a long and expanded ilium extending only forward from the acetabulum
mammals
- First to appear is a single piece – ______ (forelimb0 or the ___
(hindlimb)
humerus
femur
Bones of the wrist
carpus
Ankle
tarsus
fins that are stronger and more firmly
related to the axial skeleton
pectoral fin
pelvic fin
– collective term for carpal and tarsal bones
podial
Forefoot
manus
hindfoot
pes
– collective term for metacarpals and metatarsals
metapodials
have short limbs splayed on the sides of the body
amphibians
marrow of long bones produce blood cells, a function not
performed by the skeleton of fishes.
amphibians and higher vertebrates
have limbs positioned far to the sides of the body except some
dinosaurs and mammal-like reptiles which are under body
reptiles
Limbs are usually stronger than amphibians
t/f
true
- Hindlimbs is disproportionally larger than the forelimbs
what organism
amphibians
are usually cartilaginous but
* may ossify in lizards
epiphyses
may be added to
* the outside of the carpus, and the tibiale
what bone
pisiform
pharyngeal formula in reptiles
3-4-5-3 manus
2-3-4-5-4 pes
uniform and specialized limb structure
what organism
birds
Phalageal formula of foot in aves
2-3-4-5-0
- Avian wing has ____ digits
three
- Have bony epiphyses on each end of the long bones
- Distal ends of the metapodials, and on the proximal ends of all
but the terminal phalanges the pisiform is retained
mammals
forms the heelbone or calcaneum
tarsus, fibulare
basic phalangeal formula in mammal
2-3-3-3-3
bones embedded in or interrupting tendon
sesamoid bone
largest is patella or knee cap
sesamoid bone
bone in the penis of carnivores, bats, insectivores, rodents, and some primates
baculum
Of an animal, physically adapted only for moving slowly over land, due to a high body weight; examples include giant tortoises.
graviportal
having limbs adapted for running.
cursorial
adaptations for flight
volant
is the term most often used to refer to the self-generated movements of any animal through the air
aerial
a type of hopping gait that in mammals can be found in rabbits, hares, kangaroos, and some species of rodents
saltatorial
biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium.
aquatic
the modified movement of animals that dig and live underground.
fossorial
An animal that spends at least some of its time climbing
scansorial
is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them.
arboreal
