Basic Anatomical and Evolutionary Concepts and Principles Flashcards
structure and parts with the goal of treatment of human health
anatomy
during this time the concept of dissecting or experimenting humans for research is still under consideration of major bioethical issues
greek civilization
To address the urgent need to enhance medical knowledge, we have always resorted inusing animals that are ____ to us, which have risen the study of _____
relative, comparative anatomy
knowledge of anatomy began`
prehistoric time
have ideas of internal anatomy (mummified)
ancient egyptians
has a rich interplay of Western culture from that time until present
green natural philosophers and physicians
Greek physician that assembled anatomical writings and added some of his own dissections of Apes
Galen
who attributed to the similarity to the manifestation of basic architectural plan or archetype
Pierre Belon
during this period, incorporated anatomical ideas within a deeply religious culture
middle ages
after this specific time period, functional anatomy and study of how structures perform specific functions started
after middle ages
studied the senses and their connections to the brain, especially vision
Leonardo da Vinci
began around 1400 as an interest in early texts, including those on comparative anatomy, increased.
Renaissance
studied circulation of blood; advocated the study of comparative anatomy
William Harvey
published a book describing the anatomy of stomach and intestines in several different species
Nehemiah Grew
father of taxonomy; published systema naturae
Carolus Linnaeus
compared the anatomies of different animals
Louise Jean-Marie Daubenton
considered the first intensive work in comparative anatomy
Histoire Naturelle (Natural History)
contribute in the scientific division of animal kingdom into vertebrata and invertebrate
Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck
published by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck that discusses three issues of evolution by means of inheritance of acquired characteristics
Philosophie Zoologique
Species change through ______, simplest arise through _____
stated by what book and who
time, spontaneous generation
Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Progressive changes in _____ along an _____ scale
stated by what book and who
species, ascending
Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
_____ itself produces ___ changes
stated by what book and who
need
evolutionary
Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
founder of comparative anatomy
George Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert Cuvier
argued that species are immutable, organisms must be understood as functional wholes because parts and function they serve were tightly related
George Cuvier
Published Natural History of fishes
George Cuvier
developed the concept of “survival of the fittest”
Albert Russel Wallace
developed the modern theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
what book did Charles Darwin publish
On the Origin of Species
Descent of MAn
Help to establish the evolutionary basis of our modern synthesis of comparative, functional, and adaptive morphology and anatomy
Charles Darwin
Has developed the idea of theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin
states that species are related to each other through common ancestors that is validated by shared characteristics
Theory of Evolutio nby Natural Selection
developed the concepts of homology and analogy instrumental in obtaining and describing the first primitive bird Archeopteryx
Richard Owen
animal that provided the evidence for theory of evolution
Archeopteryx
He also advocated the idea of an archetype (ideal original pattern) that was modified to form the different types of animals
Richard Owen
ideal original pattern
archetype
established the modern concept of the evolution of the vertebrate skull
Thomas Huxley
notable biologist that specializes in the embryonic development of animals, as he was working with Charles Darwin
Karl Erns von Baer
He observed the following patterns that is now an established laws on embryology
Karl Erns von Baer
____ characteristics of the group to which an embryo belongs develop before ____ characteristics
general
special
_____ structural relations are likewise formed before the more ___ appear
general
specific
The form of any given embryo does not ___upon other definite forms but ___itself from them
converge
separates
The embryo of an higher animal form never _____ the adult of another animal form, such as one less evolved, but only its ____
resembles
embryo
Has a paper on describing the mammalian egg
Karl Earns von Baer
Research into the development of fishes
Karl Earns von Baer
biogenetic law “ontogeny recapitulate phylogeny”
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
____ recapitulate ____”
ontogeny
phylogeny
the development of an individual organism or anatomical or behavioral feature from the earliest stage to maturity.
ontogeny
study of structure, function, and evolution
comparative anatomy
Deals with structural similarities and differences of organisms
comparative anatomy
Important tool that helps determine evolutionary relationships between organisms and whether or not they share common ancestors
comparative anatomy
fields involved in the study of comparative anatomy (7)
ecology
embryology
histology
genetics
zoology
evolutionary biology
systematics
study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment
ecology
tudy of the formation and development of an embryo and fetus
embryology
the microscopic study of tissues and organs through sectioning, staining, and examining those sections under a microscope
histology
the scientific study of genes and heredity
genetics
the study of all animals of all shapes and sizes, from tiny insects to large mammals
zoology
a subdiscipline of the biological sciences concerned with the origin of life and the diversification and adaptation of life forms over time.
evolutionary biology
important tool that helps determine evolutionary relationship between organisms whether or not they share the same ancestors
comparative vertebrate anatomy
study of forms of a living being
morphology
Studies how a structure and its function become an integrated part of an interconnected design, and how this design itself becomes a factor
morphology
similarity in ancestry
homology
similarity in function
analogy
similarity in appearance
homplasy
refers to the traits inherited by two different organisms from ancestry
homoplasy
series of structures in the same species may be homologous to one another even though individual elements in the series are not homologous to each other
serial homology
structures that are of no use to some animals (e.g. coccyx bone)
vestigial structures
structures that look alike and may or may not be homologous or analogous, occurs when characters are similar, but not derived from a common ancestor
homoplastic structures
refers to the similarity in function of two different organisms due to convergent evolution and not common ancestry
analogy
evolution towards similar traits in unrelated species
convergent evolution
describes in which the body of animal meets the surrounding environment
symmetry
shows metamerism
segmentation
developmental history of organisms, primary operant is the genes, occupies a single lifetime
ontogenesis
evolutionary history of a taxon, relates a taxon to ancestral taxa in the evolutionary line, operant is the establishment of evolutionary lineage
phylogenesis
hereditary modification of phenotype (increase the chance of survival)
adaptation
Believed to be a result of environmental pressure through natural selection
adaptation
– formation of new species from pre-existing ones due to geographical isolation of a population from another populations of the same species
speciation
Continuous speciation will result to the formation of new ____
taxa
consequence of continuous speciation
reproductive isolation
collection of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring
reproductive isolation
example of speciation wherein different species of these birds live on different islands (isolated by the oceans)
Galapagos Finch
acts as the selection pressure/screening process for evolution
habitat
lineage that is relatively continuous and complete in the fossil record
phyletic line
Different phyletic lines evolve at ____ rates at ____ time and different characters of one line evolve at different rates at the same time
different
results from interplay between changing environments and adapting organisms
evolution
gradual adaptive change in evolution of a feature within a phyletic line
morphocline (evolutionary trend)
Usually observed for large populations evolving at moderate rates
morphocline
– evolutionary change in two or more lineage such that corresponding features undergo equivalent alterations without becoming markedly more or less similar
parallelism
evolutionary change in two or more lineages such that corresponding features that were formerly dissimilar become similar
convergence
summarized graphic representation of the course of evolution or phylogeny
dendograms
Illustrate the evolutionary history of related group of organisms used to express relative abundance and diversity
dendograms
level or stage of evolutionary attainment, expression of the degree of change or level of adaptation
grade
grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor
clade
science of the identification, naming, and classification of organisms
taxonomy
states that the scientific name of a species is a combination of two names: the name of the species is composed of generic name and specific name
principle of binomial nomenclature
principle that states the correct formal scientific name is the oldest available valid name
principle of priority
when a new zoological name is published, it automatically establishes all corresponding in relevant ranks
principle of coordination
applied in case of conflicts between published names. When a conflict arises between two simultaneously published divergent names, the first subsequent author can decide which name has precedence
principle of first reviser
the name of each taxon must be unique and must not be replicate or duplicate of any other family, group, or species
principle of homonymy
each nominal taxon in the family group genus group, or species group must have a prefixed name-bearing type (helps in determining what name it applies to)
principle of typification
first developed comparative anatomy
Greek philosophers and physicians
– has a large interplay with western culture from that time until
comparative anatomy
made the first systematic dissection
aristotle
student of plato
aristotle
researchers made more detailed anatomical observations
antiquity
thinkers of these time incorporated anatomical ideas within a deeply religious culture
middle ages
began around 1400 as an interest in early text, including those on comparative anatomy.
Renaissance
knowledge from ancient text, fed by the advent of printing hgas led to these
scientific revolution
since the turn of this century, much discussion of comparative anatomy has focused on the theory of evolution
19th century
study of the structural similarities and differences of organisms
comparative anatomy
his research began the trend of systematic study of the comparative anatomy of various types of animals
aristotle
frequent but not necessary feature of earliest efforts to study and compare different animals
taxonomic or classificatory schemes
reached a high watermark with the work of Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
taxonomy
father of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Similarities and differences of organisms are a result of them having ___ from earlier life for
evolved
important tool that helps determine evolutionary relationships between organisms and whether or not they share common ancestors
comparative anatomy
Piece of important evidence for evolution
comparative anatomy
support the idea that these organisms evolved from a common ancestor
anatomical similarities
all of them have four limbs and gill pouches at some part of their development indicates revolutionary changes have occurred over time resulting in diversity we have today
vertebrates
in 1543 in Italy, decided to dissect humans
Andreas Vesalius
father of modern anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
Vesalius’s work emphasizes how important active dissection is to western medicine
De humani corporis fabrica libri septem
took center stage in history of medicine
Hippocrates and Galen
Two evidences that evolutionary investigations focus on:
morphologic
genetic
such features that overlap both morphologically and genetically
homologous structures
Stem from developmental similarities based on evolution
homologous structures
Example include wings of bat and birds
homologous structures
The more complex the feature, the more likely any kind of ___ is due to a common evolutionary past
overlap
when similar characteristics occur because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationships
analogy or homoplasy
share a similar embryonic origin
homologous structures
have the same function
analogous organs
Bones in a whale’s front flipper are
____ to the bones in the human arm but they are not ___
homologous
analogous
Butterfly wings or bird’s wings are ____ but not ____
analogous
homologous
group organisms together based on presumed homologies
Linnean scheme of classification
The more homologies two organisms share, the closer they must be in terms of _____
evolutionary distance
The ____, more ____ divisions of the Linnaean system are created by including together closely related clusters of the immediately lower divisions
higher
inclusive
literally means “arrangement law”
taxonomy
➢ Science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each organisms placed into more and more inclusive groups
taxonomy
named after its inventor Carl Linnaeus
taxonomic classification system
Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician uses a hierarchical model
Carl Linnaeus
authoritative body empowered to set the rules of nomenclature on animals
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
empowered to interpret, amend, or suspend provisions of the rules of nomenclature by a collective decision after an elaborated procedure of the publication of name
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
Commission has plenary power to set aside the rules of uniformity and stability
ICZN
published document on rules and regulation of nomenclature of animals
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
where the head office of ICZN is
London
stipulates that valid name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied to it provided that the name is not invalidated by any provisions of the code or has not been suppressed by the ICZN
law of priority
Priority is the ___, even page (page priority) or even line (line priority) over the two names
date of publication
First word indicates the ___
genus
Second word represents the ____ (species) epithet
specific
Binomial nomenclature is always written in ___ or should be underlined separately when ____
italic
handwritten
The first word of the genus should be with a ____ letter that represents the genus while the first letter of the species is ___
capital
small
The binomial nomenclature is ___, and the same organisms are recognized by the same name all over the world
universal
