Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Basic Anatomical and Evolutionary Concepts and Principles > Flashcards

Basic Anatomical and Evolutionary Concepts and Principles Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structure and parts with the goal of treatment of human health

A

anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

during this time the concept of dissecting or experimenting humans for research is still under consideration of major bioethical issues

A

greek civilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

To address the urgent need to enhance medical knowledge, we have always resorted inusing animals that are ____ to us, which have risen the study of _____

A

relative, comparative anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

knowledge of anatomy began`

A

prehistoric time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

have ideas of internal anatomy (mummified)

A

ancient egyptians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

has a rich interplay of Western culture from that time until present

A

green natural philosophers and physicians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Greek physician that assembled anatomical writings and added some of his own dissections of Apes

A

Galen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who attributed to the similarity to the manifestation of basic architectural plan or archetype

A

Pierre Belon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

during this period, incorporated anatomical ideas within a deeply religious culture

A

middle ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

after this specific time period, functional anatomy and study of how structures perform specific functions started

A

after middle ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

studied the senses and their connections to the brain, especially vision

A

Leonardo da Vinci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

began around 1400 as an interest in early texts, including those on comparative anatomy, increased.

A

Renaissance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

studied circulation of blood; advocated the study of comparative anatomy

A

William Harvey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

published a book describing the anatomy of stomach and intestines in several different species

A

Nehemiah Grew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

father of taxonomy; published systema naturae

A

Carolus Linnaeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

compared the anatomies of different animals

A

Louise Jean-Marie Daubenton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

considered the first intensive work in comparative anatomy

A

Histoire Naturelle (Natural History)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

contribute in the scientific division of animal kingdom into vertebrata and invertebrate

A

Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

published by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck that discusses three issues of evolution by means of inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Philosophie Zoologique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Species change through ______, simplest arise through _____

stated by what book and who

A

time, spontaneous generation

Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Progressive changes in _____ along an _____ scale

stated by what book and who

A

species, ascending
Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ itself produces ___ changes

stated by what book and who

A

need
evolutionary
Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

founder of comparative anatomy

A

George Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert Cuvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

argued that species are immutable, organisms must be understood as functional wholes because parts and function they serve were tightly related

A

George Cuvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Published Natural History of fishes

A

George Cuvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

developed the concept of “survival of the fittest”

A

Albert Russel Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

developed the modern theory of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what book did Charles Darwin publish

A

On the Origin of Species
Descent of MAn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Help to establish the evolutionary basis of our modern synthesis of comparative, functional, and adaptive morphology and anatomy

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Has developed the idea of theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

states that species are related to each other through common ancestors that is validated by shared characteristics

A

Theory of Evolutio nby Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

developed the concepts of homology and analogy instrumental in obtaining and describing the first primitive bird Archeopteryx

A

Richard Owen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

animal that provided the evidence for theory of evolution

A

Archeopteryx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

He also advocated the idea of an archetype (ideal original pattern) that was modified to form the different types of animals

A

Richard Owen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ideal original pattern

A

archetype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

established the modern concept of the evolution of the vertebrate skull

A

Thomas Huxley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

notable biologist that specializes in the embryonic development of animals, as he was working with Charles Darwin

A

Karl Erns von Baer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

He observed the following patterns that is now an established laws on embryology

A

Karl Erns von Baer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

____ characteristics of the group to which an embryo belongs develop before ____ characteristics

A

general
special

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

_____ structural relations are likewise formed before the more ___ appear

A

general
specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The form of any given embryo does not ___upon other definite forms but ___itself from them

A

converge
separates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The embryo of an higher animal form never _____ the adult of another animal form, such as one less evolved, but only its ____

A

resembles
embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Has a paper on describing the mammalian egg

A

Karl Earns von Baer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Research into the development of fishes

A

Karl Earns von Baer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

biogenetic law “ontogeny recapitulate phylogeny”

A

Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

____ recapitulate ____”

A

ontogeny
phylogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the development of an individual organism or anatomical or behavioral feature from the earliest stage to maturity.

A

ontogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

study of structure, function, and evolution

A

comparative anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Deals with structural similarities and differences of organisms

A

comparative anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Important tool that helps determine evolutionary relationships between organisms and whether or not they share common ancestors

A

comparative anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

fields involved in the study of comparative anatomy (7)

A

ecology
embryology
histology
genetics
zoology
evolutionary biology
systematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment

A

ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

tudy of the formation and development of an embryo and fetus

A

embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the microscopic study of tissues and organs through sectioning, staining, and examining those sections under a microscope

A

histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

the scientific study of genes and heredity

A

genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the study of all animals of all shapes and sizes, from tiny insects to large mammals

A

zoology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

a subdiscipline of the biological sciences concerned with the origin of life and the diversification and adaptation of life forms over time.

A

evolutionary biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

important tool that helps determine evolutionary relationship between organisms whether or not they share the same ancestors

A

comparative vertebrate anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

study of forms of a living being

A

morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Studies how a structure and its function become an integrated part of an interconnected design, and how this design itself becomes a factor

A

morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

similarity in ancestry

A

homology

62
Q

similarity in function

A

analogy

63
Q

similarity in appearance

A

homplasy

64
Q

refers to the traits inherited by two different organisms from ancestry

A

homoplasy

65
Q

series of structures in the same species may be homologous to one another even though individual elements in the series are not homologous to each other

A

serial homology

66
Q

structures that are of no use to some animals (e.g. coccyx bone)

A

vestigial structures

67
Q

structures that look alike and may or may not be homologous or analogous, occurs when characters are similar, but not derived from a common ancestor

A

homoplastic structures

68
Q

refers to the similarity in function of two different organisms due to convergent evolution and not common ancestry

A

analogy

69
Q

evolution towards similar traits in unrelated species

A

convergent evolution

70
Q

describes in which the body of animal meets the surrounding environment

A

symmetry

71
Q

shows metamerism

A

segmentation

72
Q

developmental history of organisms, primary operant is the genes, occupies a single lifetime

A

ontogenesis

73
Q

evolutionary history of a taxon, relates a taxon to ancestral taxa in the evolutionary line, operant is the establishment of evolutionary lineage

A

phylogenesis

74
Q

hereditary modification of phenotype (increase the chance of survival)

A

adaptation

75
Q

Believed to be a result of environmental pressure through natural selection

A

adaptation

76
Q

– formation of new species from pre-existing ones due to geographical isolation of a population from another populations of the same species

A

speciation

77
Q

Continuous speciation will result to the formation of new ____

A

taxa

78
Q

consequence of continuous speciation

A

reproductive isolation

79
Q

collection of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring

A

reproductive isolation

80
Q

example of speciation wherein different species of these birds live on different islands (isolated by the oceans)

A

Galapagos Finch

81
Q

acts as the selection pressure/screening process for evolution

A

habitat

82
Q

lineage that is relatively continuous and complete in the fossil record

A

phyletic line

83
Q

Different phyletic lines evolve at ____ rates at ____ time and different characters of one line evolve at different rates at the same time

A

different

84
Q

results from interplay between changing environments and adapting organisms

A

evolution

85
Q

gradual adaptive change in evolution of a feature within a phyletic line

A

morphocline (evolutionary trend)

86
Q

Usually observed for large populations evolving at moderate rates

A

morphocline

87
Q

– evolutionary change in two or more lineage such that corresponding features undergo equivalent alterations without becoming markedly more or less similar

A

parallelism

88
Q

evolutionary change in two or more lineages such that corresponding features that were formerly dissimilar become similar

A

convergence

89
Q

summarized graphic representation of the course of evolution or phylogeny

A

dendograms

90
Q

Illustrate the evolutionary history of related group of organisms used to express relative abundance and diversity

A

dendograms

91
Q

level or stage of evolutionary attainment, expression of the degree of change or level of adaptation

A

grade

92
Q

grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor

A

clade

92
Q

science of the identification, naming, and classification of organisms

A

taxonomy

93
Q

states that the scientific name of a species is a combination of two names: the name of the species is composed of generic name and specific name

A

principle of binomial nomenclature

94
Q

principle that states the correct formal scientific name is the oldest available valid name

A

principle of priority

95
Q

when a new zoological name is published, it automatically establishes all corresponding in relevant ranks

A

principle of coordination

96
Q

applied in case of conflicts between published names. When a conflict arises between two simultaneously published divergent names, the first subsequent author can decide which name has precedence

A

principle of first reviser

97
Q

the name of each taxon must be unique and must not be replicate or duplicate of any other family, group, or species

A

principle of homonymy

98
Q

each nominal taxon in the family group genus group, or species group must have a prefixed name-bearing type (helps in determining what name it applies to)

A

principle of typification

99
Q

first developed comparative anatomy

A

Greek philosophers and physicians

100
Q

– has a large interplay with western culture from that time until

A

comparative anatomy

101
Q

made the first systematic dissection

A

aristotle

102
Q

student of plato

A

aristotle

103
Q

researchers made more detailed anatomical observations

A

antiquity

104
Q

thinkers of these time incorporated anatomical ideas within a deeply religious culture

A

middle ages

105
Q

began around 1400 as an interest in early text, including those on comparative anatomy.

A

Renaissance

106
Q

knowledge from ancient text, fed by the advent of printing hgas led to these

A

scientific revolution

107
Q

since the turn of this century, much discussion of comparative anatomy has focused on the theory of evolution

A

19th century

108
Q

study of the structural similarities and differences of organisms

A

comparative anatomy

109
Q

his research began the trend of systematic study of the comparative anatomy of various types of animals

A

aristotle

110
Q

frequent but not necessary feature of earliest efforts to study and compare different animals

A

taxonomic or classificatory schemes

111
Q

reached a high watermark with the work of Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

A

taxonomy

112
Q

father of taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

113
Q

Similarities and differences of organisms are a result of them having ___ from earlier life for

A

evolved

114
Q

important tool that helps determine evolutionary relationships between organisms and whether or not they share common ancestors

A

comparative anatomy

115
Q

Piece of important evidence for evolution

A

comparative anatomy

116
Q

support the idea that these organisms evolved from a common ancestor

A

anatomical similarities

117
Q

all of them have four limbs and gill pouches at some part of their development indicates revolutionary changes have occurred over time resulting in diversity we have today

A

vertebrates

118
Q

in 1543 in Italy, decided to dissect humans

A

Andreas Vesalius

119
Q

father of modern anatomy

A

Andreas Vesalius

120
Q

Vesalius’s work emphasizes how important active dissection is to western medicine

A

De humani corporis fabrica libri septem

121
Q

took center stage in history of medicine

A

Hippocrates and Galen

122
Q

Two evidences that evolutionary investigations focus on:

A

morphologic
genetic

123
Q

such features that overlap both morphologically and genetically

A

homologous structures

124
Q

Stem from developmental similarities based on evolution

A

homologous structures

125
Q

Example include wings of bat and birds

A

homologous structures

126
Q

The more complex the feature, the more likely any kind of ___ is due to a common evolutionary past

A

overlap

127
Q

when similar characteristics occur because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationships

A

analogy or homoplasy

128
Q

share a similar embryonic origin

A

homologous structures

129
Q

have the same function

A

analogous organs

130
Q

Bones in a whale’s front flipper are
____ to the bones in the human arm but they are not ___

A

homologous
analogous

131
Q

Butterfly wings or bird’s wings are ____ but not ____

A

analogous
homologous

132
Q

group organisms together based on presumed homologies

A

Linnean scheme of classification

133
Q

The more homologies two organisms share, the closer they must be in terms of _____

A

evolutionary distance

134
Q

The ____, more ____ divisions of the Linnaean system are created by including together closely related clusters of the immediately lower divisions

A

higher
inclusive

135
Q

literally means “arrangement law”

A

taxonomy

136
Q

➢ Science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each organisms placed into more and more inclusive groups

A

taxonomy

137
Q

named after its inventor Carl Linnaeus

A

taxonomic classification system

138
Q

Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician uses a hierarchical model

A

Carl Linnaeus

139
Q

authoritative body empowered to set the rules of nomenclature on animals

A

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

140
Q

empowered to interpret, amend, or suspend provisions of the rules of nomenclature by a collective decision after an elaborated procedure of the publication of name

A

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

141
Q

Commission has plenary power to set aside the rules of uniformity and stability

A

ICZN

142
Q

published document on rules and regulation of nomenclature of animals

A

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

143
Q

where the head office of ICZN is

A

London

144
Q

stipulates that valid name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied to it provided that the name is not invalidated by any provisions of the code or has not been suppressed by the ICZN

A

law of priority

145
Q

Priority is the ___, even page (page priority) or even line (line priority) over the two names

A

date of publication

146
Q

First word indicates the ___

A

genus

147
Q

Second word represents the ____ (species) epithet

A

specific

148
Q

Binomial nomenclature is always written in ___ or should be underlined separately when ____

A

italic
handwritten

149
Q

The first word of the genus should be with a ____ letter that represents the genus while the first letter of the species is ___

A

capital
small

150
Q

The binomial nomenclature is ___, and the same organisms are recognized by the same name all over the world

A

universal

151
Q
A

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions