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Eagle Prep Review > Respiratory Review > Flashcards

Respiratory Review Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell is involved in gas exchange?

A

Type 1 epithelial cells

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2
Q

What type of cell is involved in making surfactant?

A

Type 2 epithelial cells

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3
Q

What lung product increases compliance?

A

surfactant

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4
Q

What happens to FEV1/FVC, TLC, RV, and FRC in Obstructive Lung Disease?

A

Decrease - FEV1/FVC

Increase - TLC, RV, FRC

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5
Q

What happens to FEV1/FVC, TLC, RV, and FRC in Restrictive Lung Disease?

A

Increase - FEV1/FVC

Decrease - TLC, RV, FRC

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6
Q

B2 agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator

A

Albuterol

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7
Q

Mast cell stabilizer (prevents the release of histamine & other pro-inflammatory substances)

A

Cromolyn Sodium

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8
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Blocker Antagonist
- inhibits proinflammatory leukotrienes

A

Montelukast

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9
Q
  • 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor
  • inhibits synthesis of leukotrienes
A

Zileuton

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10
Q
  • inhibits PDE –> increases cAMP
  • increases release of epinephrine
A

Theophylline (Milrinone)

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11
Q

Name the Pneumoconiosis:
- egg shell calcification
- sandblasting
- stone masons/carvers

A

Silicosis

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12
Q

Name the Pneumoconiosis
- modular opacities in the upper lung
- due to man mad carbon accumulation

A

Coal Miner’s
(Black Lung Disease)

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13
Q

Name the Pneumoconiosis
- seen in industrial works from oil refineries, natural gas industries, and electronics

A

Beryllium

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14
Q

Name the Pneumoconiosis
- pleural plaques (pleural biopsy)
- can have calcified nodules inside chest wall
- seen in construction and shipyard workers

A

Asbestosis

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15
Q

What are the 3 cytokines involved in granuloma formation?

A

IL-2
TNF-alpha
IF-gamma

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16
Q

What does a Carotid Sinus Massage due to HR and CO?

A
  • increases afferent baroreceptor firing
  • decreases HR and CO
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17
Q

Name the abnormality
- absent/decreased breath sounds
- no fremitus or resonance
- trachea deviates toward mass

A

Bronchial obstruction

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18
Q

Name the abnormality
- decreased breath sounds
- dullness to percussion
- decreased fremitis

A

Pleural effusion

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19
Q

Name the abnormality
- decrease breath sounds
- hyperresonant to percussion
- absent tactile fremitis
- trachea deviates AWAY from lesion

A

Pneumothorax

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20
Q

Name the abnormality
- bronchial breath sounds over lesion
- dullness to percussion
- INCREASED tactile fremitis

A

Pneumonia (lobar)

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21
Q

Formula for Compliance

A

change in volume/change in pressure

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22
Q

The goal of ____ is to reduce surface tension and increase lung compliance

A

Surfactant

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23
Q

At the apex of the lung, there is wasted _______.

A

ventilation

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24
Q

At the base of the lung, there is wasted _______.

A

perfusion

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25
Q

What drug cleaves the disulfide bonds and loosens mucus plug?

A

N-acetylcysteine
Used to treat COPD and CF

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26
Q

MOA of Chlorpheniramine

A

1st gen H1 blocker

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27
Q

MOA of Cetirizine

A

2nd gen H1 blocker

28
Q

MOA of Fexofenadine

A

2nd gen H1 blocker

29
Q

What do we use loratadine for?

A

allergies

30
Q

MOA of doxylamine

A

H1 blocker

31
Q

What do we use Roflumilast for?

A

(Severe) COPD and plaque psoriasis

32
Q

MOA of Roflumilast

A

PDE-4 inhibitor

33
Q

MOA of Dextromethorphan

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

34
Q

Tx for Acetaminophen overdose

A

N-acetylcysteine

35
Q

What drug causes Rhinitis Medicamentosa?

A

Topical nasal decongestants (eg ephedrine, pseudoephedrine)

36
Q

MOA of phenylephrine

A

A1-adrenergic agonist

Can teat nasal congestion, edema, etc.

37
Q

Why is pseudoephedrine controlled?

A

CNS stimulation/anxiety

38
Q

MOA of bosentan

A
  • endothelin 1 receptor antagonist

SE: hepatotoxic LFT

39
Q

What are the three classes of drugs used to tx pulmonary Hypertension?

A
  • Endothelin-receptor antagonists
  • PDE-5 inhibitors
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2) analogs
40
Q

Which drug causes pulmonary and systemic vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation?

A

prostacyclin analogs
(epoprostenol, iloprost)

41
Q

What drug causes cyanopia?

A

Sildenafil (viagra)

42
Q

What is the electrolyte imbalance caused by albuterol especially if its given in escalating doses in the ER?

A

HYPOkalemia

43
Q

MOA of iloprost

A

Prostacylin analog

44
Q

What is the SE of inhaled budesonide?

A

Oral Thrush
- Tx: mouth rinse, nystatin, spacer

45
Q

DOC for whooping cough (pertussis)

A

Macrolides

46
Q

DOC for a pt with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

A

Macrolides (no cell wall)

47
Q

What is the MOA of nedocromil?

A

Mast cell stabilizer

48
Q

Tx for Epiglottitis in an unvaccinated child

A

Ceftriaxone

49
Q

Tx for aspiration pneumonia

A
  • Ampicillin-sulbactam
  • antipseudomonal penicillins
50
Q

Antimuscarinic for COPD

A

Ipratropium and tiotropium

51
Q

What is the time frame for lungs to be fully developed?

A

8 years old

52
Q

At what week do the lungs start to form?

A

Week 4

53
Q

What cell type degrades toxins and secretes surfactant components?

A

Club Cells

54
Q

What Syndrome is know to show ‘ground glass’ in the lung field?

A

ARDS
(acute respiratory distress syndrome)

55
Q

Patient presents flushed, with a cherry red appearance and their breath smells like almonds…

A

Cyanide Poisoning

56
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad?

A

SHE
- Stasis
- Hyper-coagulability
- Endothelial Damage

57
Q

Where are DVTs commonly found?

A

in the proximal deep veins of the lower extremity

58
Q

What are the 4 causes of an anterior mediastinal mass?

A

4 T’s
- thyroid
- thymus
- teratoma
- “terrible” lymphoma

59
Q

What are the two main causes of a Middle Mediastinal Mass?

A
  • bronchogenic cysts
  • hilar hernia
60
Q

What are the 4 types of Obstructive Lung Diseases?

A

BECA
- Bronchiectasis
- Emphysema
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Asthma

61
Q

Pt has dilation of bronchioles and bad breath

A

Bronchiectasis

  • dilated bronchioles due to mucus/bacteria trapping
  • necrosis of airways causes halitosis
62
Q

What type of obstructive lung disease has an increased Reid index?

A

Chronic Bronchitis

63
Q

If you see Charcot-Leyden Crystals and Curschmann’s Spirals - what do you have?

A

Asthma

64
Q

Aspirin Induced Asthma is due to …

A
  • leukotriene overproduction
    (due to inhibition of COX)
65
Q

Hyperresonance to Percussion

A

Pneumothorax

66
Q

Increased Tactile Fremitis

A
  • lung consolidation (pneumonia or edema)

Eagle Prep Review (23 decks)

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