Respiratory - Pt 2

Question 1

Pulmonary Ventilation is composed of 2 phases: [] and []. What muscles are used in each?

Answer 1

Pulmonary Ventilation is composed of 2 phases: Inspiration and Expiration. What muscles are used in each?

• Inspiration - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
• Expiration - Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles.

Question 2

[] is when the physical property lags behind the changes that are causing it. (think of a thermostat)

Answer 2

Hysteresis

Question 3

The lungs have a tendency to collapse because of their [] [].

Answer 3

Elastic recoil

Question 4

Because the lungs and chest wall pull away from each other on opposite sides of the intrpleural space, the [] [] is less than barometric pressure; that is, the intrapleural space is a relative [].

Answer 4

Intrapleural Pressure

vacuum

Question 5

T/F

We see hysteresis in expiration not inspiration.

Answer 5

FALSE

We see hysteresis in inspiration, not expiration.

Question 6

T/F

If intrapleural pressure = intrapulmonary pressure ==> pneumothorax?

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

What are the 4 pressure in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 7

Atmospheric Pressure

Intrapulmonary Pressure/Alveolar Pressure

Intrapleural Pressure

Transpulmonary Pressure

Question 8

Atmospheric pressure:

• Pressure of the [] - 1 [] or [] mmHg

Answer 8

• Pressure of the atmosphere - 1 ATM or 760 mmHg

Question 9

Intrapulmonary Pressure/Alveolar Pressure:

• Pressure in the []
• Rises and falls with []

Answer 9

• Pressure in the aveoli
• Rises and falls with breathing

Question 10

Intrapleural Pressure:

• Pressure in the [] cavity
• This pressure changes with breathing but is always about []-[] mmHg less than [] pressure
• Always [] realtive to pulmonary pressure

Answer 10

• Pressure in the pleural cavity
• This pressure changes with breathing but is always about 4-5 mmHg less than pulmonary pressure
• Always negative realtive to pulmonary pressure

Question 11

T/F

Intrapleural pressure cannot become positive relative to atmospheric pressure.

Answer 11

FALSE

Intrapleural pressure can become positive relative to atmospheric pressure during a forced expiration.

Question 12

T/F

Intrapleural pressure gets more negative from base to apex?

Answer 12

TRUE

Think of the monkeys hanging from a barrel. The top monkey (or the apex) will be stretched/dealing with the most weight.

Question 13

The intrapleural pressure is the most negative when the lungs are [].

Answer 13

inflated.

Question 14

Transpulmonary Pressure:

• Pressure difference between [] and [].
• Always [] under physiologic conditions.

Answer 14

• Pressure difference between pulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure.
• Always positive under physiologic conditions.

Question 15

The pleural cavity pressure becomes more [] as chest wall expands during inspiration.

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

Pressure inside lung [] as lung volumes incresases during inspiration.

The pressure [] during expiration.

Answer 16

decreases

increases

Question 17

The negative intrapleural pressure is caused by 2 forces:

• Two collapsing inward forces
  
  • [] recoil of lungs
  • [] [] of alveolar fluid
• One outward inflating force
  
  • [] of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward

Answer 17

• Two collapsing inward forces
  
  • Elastic recoil of lungs
  • Surface tension of alveolar fluid
• One outward inflating force
  
  • Elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward

Question 18

The greater tha transpulmonary pressure, the [] the lungs.

Answer 18

Larger

Question 19

What happens if intrapleural pressure equals or rises above intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 19

Pneumothorax.

Question 20

Pneumothorax:

• 1st - without the negative intrapleural pressure to hold the lungs open the lungs [].
• 2nd - without the negative intrapleural pressure to keep the chest wall from expanidng the chest wall [].

Answer 20

• Collapse
• Spring out

Question 21

1. [] collapse of one or more areas ofthe lung
2. [] air in the intrapleural cavity
3. [] pneumothorax is a gradual pneumothorax
   
   1. It is a small opening where air escapes during [] , but the hoe is closed during the [].

Answer 21

1. Atelectasis
2. Pneumothorax
3. Tension Pneumothorax
   
   1. It is a small opening where air escapes during inhale , but the hoe is closed during the exhale.

Question 22

FRC = [] [] []

• Point at which we initiate []

Answer 22

Functional Residual Capacity

Inspiration

Question 23

During “forced”inspiration or times of exercise, which accessory muscles are added for inspiration?

Answer 23

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalene muscle gorup

Pectoralis minor

Question 24

Quite expiration requires [] neural input. Diaphragm and external intercostals [].

Answer 24

Quite expiration requires NO neural input. Diaphragm and external intercostals relax.

Question 25

What muscles are engaged for forced expiration?

Answer 25

Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals

Question 26

Tidal Volume: Volume exchanged during []breathing ~ [] mL

Answer 26

Volume exchanged during **normal** breathing ~ **500** mL

Question 27

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Max volume inspired [] TV.

Answer 27

above

Question 28

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Max Volume expired [] FRC

Answer 28

below

Question 29

Residual Volume (RV): Air in lungs after [] expiration - keeps lungs []. ~[]mL

Answer 29

Air in lungs after **strenuous** expiration - keeps lungs **inflated**. ~**1200**mL

Question 30

What are the 4 lung capacities?

Answer 30

1. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 2. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) 3. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) 4. Vital Capacity (VC)

Question 31

What are the 4 Respiratory Volumes?

Answer 31

Tidal Volume (TV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Residual Volume (RV)

Question 32

Total Lung capacity * [] mL * [] of all 4 volumes

Answer 32

* **6000** mL * **sum** of all 4 volumes

Question 33

Functional Residual Capacity * [] mL * sum of [] and [] and is the amount of air remaining inside the respiratory system after a [] [] . * Includes [], so cannot measure it using only spirometer

Answer 33

* **2400** mL * sum of **ERV** and **IRV** and is the amount of air remaining inside the respiratory system after a **quite expiration**. * Includes **RV,** so cannot measure it using only spirometer

Question 34

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) * Sum of [] and []. * After a quiet expiration, the IC is the []amount of air that one could still inspire.

Answer 34

* Sum of **IRV** and **TV**. * After a quiet expiration, the IC is the **maximal** amount of air that one could still inspire.

Question 35

Vital Capacity: * sum of [], [], and . [] * the maximal amount of [] [] * Can be measure by having an individual maximally inhale, then at the peak of maximal inhalation, blow a maximal exhalation into a spriometer.

Answer 35

* sum of **IRV, TV, and ERV** * the maximal amount of **exchangebale air** * Can be measure by having an individual maximally inhale, thena t the peak of maximal inhalation, blow a maximal exhalation into a spriometer.

Question 36

The FRC is the point at which the [] recoil of the lungs being balanced by the [] push of the lung walls.

Answer 36

inward outward