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Dental Physio > Respiratory - Pt 1 Into > Flashcards

Respiratory - Pt 1 Into Flashcards

1
Q

Two convective systems at play:

  1. One system to bring bulk air from [] [] [] –> lungs
  2. One system to bring blood from [] [] –> Pulmonary capillaries
A
  1. One system to bring bulk air from outside the body –> lungs
  2. One system to bring blood from systemic circulation–> Pulmonary capillaries
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2
Q

Respiratory Zone:

  1. functions in [] []
  2. Respiratory [] have alveoli interspersed among simple [] epithelium
A
  1. functions in gas exchange
  2. Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli interspersed among simple cuboidal epithelium
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3
Q

The function of convection is as a system to [] gas exchange by [] suppling bulk-phase water/air/blood to the [] exchange barrier.

A

The function of convection is as a system to maximize gas exchange by continuously suppling bulk-phase water/air/blood to the gas exchange barrier.

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4
Q

T/F

Pulmonary ventilation is a convection system?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

T/F

External Respiration is the process of gas exchange at the level of the blood and tissue?

A

FALSE

That is internal respiration.

External respiration is the process of gas exchange at the level of the alveoli and blood.

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6
Q
  1. During internal respiration, blood O2 concentrations will be [] than tissue concentrations.
  2. During internal respiration, blood CO2 concentrations will be [] than tissue concentration.
A
  1. During internal respiration, blood O2 concentrations will be higher than tissue concentrations.
  2. During internal respiration, blood CO2 concentrations will be lower than tissue concentration.
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7
Q
  1. Conducting Zone
    1. [] gas exchange here
    2. [] responsible for movement of gas
  2. Respiratory Zone
    1. [] exchange occurs here
    2. [] responsible for movement of gas
    3. [] are found here (structure)
A
  1. Conducting Zone
    1. No gas exchange here
    2. Convection responsible for movement of gas
  2. Respiratory Zone
    1. Gas exchange occurs here
    2. Diffusion responsible for movement of gas
    3. Alveoli are found here (structure)
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8
Q

Cellular respiration is the process of the mitochondria utilizing [] as the final electron acceptor in the ETC and also [] production due to glucose/[] metabolism

A

Cellular respiration is the process of the mitochondria utilizing O2 as the final electron acceptor in the ETC and also CO2 production due to glucose/lipid metabolims

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9
Q

What are the “3 layers” of the lung from outermost to innermost?

A

Parietal Pleura

Pleural Cavity

Visceral Pleura

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10
Q
  1. During external respiration, capillary O2 concentrations will be [] than alveolar concentrations.
  2. During external respiration, Alveolar CO2 concentrations will be [] than capillary concentrations
A
  1. During external respiration, capillary O2 concentrations will be lower than alveolar concentrations.
  2. During external respiration, Alveolar CO2 concentrations will be lower than capillary concentrations
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11
Q

What are the “names” of the lobes of each side of the lung, right and left side?

A
  • Right
    • Superior Lobe of Right Lung
    • Middle Lobe
    • Inferior Lobe
  • Left
    • Superior Lobe
    • Inferior Lobe
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12
Q

What inspiratory pulmonary muscles are contracted during pulmonary ventilation in order to achieve the necessary pressure gradient?

A

Mainly the diaphragm and the external inercostal muscles.

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13
Q

In convective flow, as velocity decreases [] is also decreased

A

In convective flow, as velocity decreases resistance is also decreased

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14
Q

T/F

Diffusion is only practical over really short distances.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

The right lung has [] lobes whilte the left lung has [] lobes

A

The right lung has 3 lobes whilte the left lung has 2 lobes

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16
Q

Why does each lung have its own associated leural cavity? Why not just have 1 big one?

A
  • It allows one lung to continue functioning as normal if another lung is damager or pneumothoraxed.
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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar Epithelium

Fused basement membrane

Pulmonary Capillary Endothelium

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18
Q

What are the 2 shunts we learned about?

A

Bronchiole Circulation

Pleura Shunt

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19
Q

Atmospheric Concentrations:

  • [] % N
  • [] % O2
  • [] % other molecules
A
  • 78 % N
  • 21 % O2
  • > 1 % other molecules
20
Q
  • The [] are the large airways that start at the branching of the [] and continue to branch to about the 10th division.
  • After the 10th, the airways are known as [] due to their lack of [].
A
  • The bronchi are the large airways that start at the branching of the trachea and continue to branch to about the 10th division.
  • After the 10th, the airways are known as bronchioles due to their lack of cartilage.
21
Q

The primary function of the respiratory system is to move O2 from [] to blood and CO2 from [] to atmosphere

A

Atmosphere

blood

22
Q

T/F

The bronchioles are the functional unit of the lungs?

A

FALSE

The alveoli are the functional unit of the lungs.

23
Q

The [] [] covering alveoli sacs/ducts allow for the passive recoil of the lungs.

This passive recoil is how we [].

A

The elastic fibers covering alveoli sacs/ducts allow for the passive recoil of the lungs.

This passive recoil is how we expire.

24
Q

Three layers of the trachea:

  1. Mucosa: ciliated [] epithelium with [] cells
  2. [] : connective tissue with [] glands
  3. Adentitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of [].
A
  1. Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
  2. Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands
  3. Adentitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
25
Q

Bronchioles

  • diameter of less than [] mm
  • Lack []
  • Last airways without alveoli are [] []
  • Part of the [] zone
A
  • diameter of less than 1 mm
  • Lack cartilage
  • Last airways without alveoli are terminal bronchioles
  • Part of the conducting zone
26
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving [] air into the [] space and vice versa.

A

Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving atmospheric air into the alveolar space and vice versa.

27
Q

Convective Flow, due to the increasing [] [] area, only gets “fresh air” out to the []th division (out of 23) of the lungs. In order for further movement of gas to and from the alveolus, [] is needed.

A

Convective Flow, due to the increasing cross sectional area, only gets “fresh air” out to the 16th division (out of 23) of the lungs. In order for further movement of gas to and from the alveolus, diffusion is needed.

28
Q

As the bronchi continue to branch in our lungs, the total cross sectional area [] exponentially.

This causes an [] in velocity and thus a [] in resistance as well.

A

As the bronchi continue to branch in our lungs, the total cross sectional area increases exponentially.

This causes a decrease in velocity and thus a decrease in resistance to air flow as well.

29
Q

Pores of [] are found on the surface of alveoli. What is hypothesized to be their function?

A

Kohn

Passageway for macrophages to move around.

30
Q

Gas moves from the [] division to the [] and back via diffusion.

A

Gas moves from the 16th division to the alveoli and back via diffusion.

31
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the alveolus?

A

Type I

Type II

32
Q

T/F

Convection enchances bulk flow by producing and maintinaing a steeper gradient.

A

FALSE

Convection enhance diffusion by producing and maintaining a steeper gradient.

33
Q

What are the 4 processes/types of respiration?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

External Respiration

Internal Respiration

Cellular Respiration

34
Q
  1. When breathing in, the pressure in the lungs is [] than [] pressure.
  2. When exhaling, the pressure in the lungs is [] than atmospheric pressure
A
  1. When breathing in, the pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure.
  2. When exhaling, the pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure
35
Q

The trachea is division [] of the conducting zone and sits directily in front of the []

A

The trachea is division 0 of the conducting zone and sits directily in front of the esophagus

36
Q

[] is the most fundamental mechanism of O2 and CO2 transport.

A

Diffusion

37
Q

Pleural fluid is produced by the [] []

A

Parietal Pleura

38
Q

The alveolar lining consists of two types of epithelial cells, [] and [] or alveolar [].

A

The alveolar lining consists of two types of epithelial cells, type I and type II or alveolar pneumocytes.

39
Q

Alveolar Cells:

  1. Type I
    1. single layer of [] epithelium
    2. Cover []% of the alveolar surface
    3. Represent the [] route to diffusion
    4. Much [] than Type II cells
  2. Type II Cells
    1. Larger than Type I cells, but almost [] in number
    2. Produces []
      1. This [] the recoild force of the lungs and makes it [] to expand.
    3. [] in shape
A
  1. Type I
    1. single layer of squamos epithelium
    2. Cover 90% of the alveolar surface
    3. Represent the fastest route to diffusion
    4. Much thinner than Type II cells
  2. Type II Cells
    1. Larger than Type I cells, but almost equal in number
    2. Produces surfactant
      1. This decreases the recoild force of the lungs and makes it easier to expand.
    3. cuboidal in shape
40
Q

Conducting Zone:

  1. lined with []-secreting and [] cells that function to [] inhaled particles
  2. Sympathetic [] neurons activate [] receptors on smooth muscle that leads to [] of airways
  3. Parasympathetic [] neurons activate [] receptors which lead to a [] of the airways.
A
  1. lined with mucus-secreting and ciliated cells that function to remove inhaled particles
  2. Sympathetic adrenergic neurons activate B2 receptors on smooth muscle that leads to dilation of airways
  3. Parasympathetic cholinergic neurons activate muscarinic recepts which lead to a constricting of the airways.
41
Q

[] involves all the processes and systems needed to move O2 from atmosphere to mitochondria.

A

Respiration

42
Q
  1. Convection can be defined as [] [] from one place to another
  2. Diffusion is the random movement of molecules based on the [] of those molecules in a specific place.
A
  1. Convection can be defined as bulk movement from one place to another
  2. Diffusion is the random movement of molecules based on the concentration of those molecules in a specific place.
43
Q

The blood leaving a capillary is normally []% oxygenated. However, before it reaches the heart, its been “oxygen diluted.” How?

A

100%

  • There are 2 shunts that transfer deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary vein, which is oxygenated and leads back to the heart.
  • Those 2 shunts are from the Pleura arteries and bronchial arteries –> Pulmonary vein
44
Q

What are 3 secondary functions of the Respiratory System?

A

Acid-Base balance

Phonation (talking)

Immunity

45
Q

Normally, the lung has a tendency to recoil outward, however, the [] stops the lung from recoiling too far.

A

Normally, the lung has a tendency to recoil outward, however, the Pleurae stops the lung from recoiling too far.

46
Q

T/F

Just like the heart, the lung’s anatomical top is called the base, while the bottom of the lung is called the apex.

A

FALSE

The lung is normal. The top of the lung is called the apex, the bottom is the base.

Dental Physio (36 decks)

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