Neuro - Pt 1 Intro

Question 1

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

• Responsible for [] functions: maintenance, conservation, protection of body resources etc.
• Involved with [] autonomic aspect such as digestion
• Also called the [] because the nerves come from the cranium and saccral region of the spinal cord.

Answer 1

• Responsible for anabolic functions: maintenance, conservation, protection of body resources etc.
• Involved with involuntary autonomic aspect such as digestion
• Also called the craniosacral because the nerves come from the cranium and saccral region of the spinal cord.

Question 2

The Sympathetic division of the ANS

• Responsible for [] functions: expend bodys resources
• Also called the [] division because the nerves come from the thorcic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Answer 2

• Responsible for catabolic functions: expend bodys resources
• Also called the thoracolumbar division because the nerves come from the thorcic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Question 3

ANS:

• PNS division
  
  • all preganglionic [] are in the []. Preganglionic fibers synapse close to their target
  • Postganglionic fibers are []
• SNS division
  
  • All preganglionic axons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the [] [] or in [] []
  • Post ganglionic fibers can be [], [], or [] and distribute widely throughout the body

Answer 3

• PNS division
  
  • all preganglionic bodies are in the CNS. Preganglionic fibers synapse close to their target
  • Postganglionic fibers are short
• SNS division
  
  • All preganglionic axons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the paravertebral chain or in prevertebral ganglia
  • Post ganglionic fibers can be short, medium, or long and distribute widely throughout the body

Question 4

The nervous system is composed of 2 types of cells - [] and [] cells

Answer 4

The nervous system is composed of 2 types of cells - neurons and glial cells

Question 5

Glial Cells vs Neurons:

• Glial cells are not [], but they do have [] []
• Glial cells are able to divide []
• Glial cellls are more []
• Serve as [] cells to neurons.

Answer 5

• Glial cells are not excitable, but they do have membrane potentials
• Glial cells are able to divide mitotically
• Glial cellls are more abundant
• Serve as supporting cells to neurons.

Question 6

What are the 2 types of Glial cells in the Peripheral nervous system?

Answer 6

Schwann Cells

Satelitte Cells

Question 7

What are the 4 glial cells in the CNS?

Answer 7

Oligodendrocyte

Astorcytes

Microglia

Ependymal Cells

Question 8

Glial cells of Peripheral NS:

• Schwann Cell
  
  • form [] sheaths around nerve fibers only in peripheral NS.
  • [] axon is myelinated per Schwann, but there could be [] cells along the axon.
• Satellite Cells
  
  • found in [] and provide []support and help regulate [] around ganglia
  • [] junctions exist between satellite cells and adjacent neurons

Answer 8

• Schwann Cell
  
  • form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers only in peripheral NS.
  • One axon is myelinated per Schwann, but there could be mulitple cells along the axon.
• Satellite Cells
  
  • found in ganglia and provide structural support and help regulate microenvironment around ganglia
  • Gap junctions exist between satellite cells and adjacent neurons

Question 9

[] form myeling sheaths around nerve fibers only in the CNS. M[] axons can be myelinated by one cell.

Answer 9

Oligodendrocytes form myeling sheaths around nerve fibers only in the CNS. Many axons can be myelinated by one cell.

Question 10

Astrocytes:

• Most [] neuroglial cell
• Only found in the []
• Serve a [] function and help regulate [] neuronal environment
• Make contact with [] vessels, repair damaged [] tissue, limit diffusion of [], [] synaptic ability by NT uptake, can [] NT
• Highly permeable to [], so it can act as a []
• They are not excitable, but do communicate with [] junctions
• Help maintain [] junctions of capillaries and cover areas of neurons at [] [] []

Answer 10

• Most numerous neuroglial cell
• Only found in the CNS
• Serve a nutritive function and help regulate extracellular neuronal environment
• Make contact with blood vessels, repair damaged CNS tissue, limit diffusion of NT, terminate synaptic ability by NT uptake, can synthesize NT
• Highly permeable to K⁺, so it can act as a buffer
• They are not excitable, but do communicate with gap junctions
• Help maintain tight junctions of capillaries and cover areas of neurons at nodes of Ranvier

Question 11

Microglial Cells of CNS:

• Respond to [] and [] and remove debris and foreign particles
• So they ar [] cells

Answer 11

• Respond to injury and inflammation and remove debris and foreign particles
• So they are phagocytic cells

Question 12

Ependymal Cells

• Line the fluid filled [] of the brain and the [] [] of the spinal cord.
• Found in the [] [] and produce or form [] [] fluid

Answer 12

• Line the fluid filled cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
• Found in the choroid plexus and produce or form cerebral spinal fluid

Question 13

1. [] are groups of cell bodies within the CNS
2. [] are groups of cell bodies within the Periphral NS
3. [] are nerve fibers

Answer 13

1. Nuclei are groups of cell bodies within the CNS
2. Ganglia are groups of cell bodies within the Periphral NS
3. Axons are nerve fibers

Question 14

Multipolar Neuron:

• Have several [] and 1 [] extending from the body
• Ex: [] []

Answer 14

• Have several dendrites and 1 axon extending from the body
• Ex: Motor Neuron

Question 15

Bipolar Neurons

• Have 2 processes - 1 [] and 1 []- extending from the cell body at either end
• Ex: neurons in the [] [] [] []

Answer 15

• Have 2 processes - 1 axon and 1 dendrite- extending from the cell body at either end
• Ex: neurons in the retina of the eye

Question 16

Pseudo-unipolar Neurons:

• Have a single short process that divides like a [] from the soma to form 1 long process.
• One end receives [] stimuli and acts as a dendrite, the other end acts as an axon an [] with a relay center in []

Answer 16

• Have a single short process that divides like a “T” from the soma to form 1 long process.
• One end receives sensory stimuli and acts as a dendrite, the other end acts as an axon and synapses with a relay center in CNS

Question 17

Gap Junctions in the Nervous System:

1. Allows for []-[] transmission
2. [] the major form of communication in the NS
3. Found in
   
   1. Parts of brain where []-[] communication is needed
   2. between [] cells
   3. [] nervous system tissue

Answer 17

1. Allows for 2-way transmission
2. Not the major form of communication in the NS
3. Found in
   
   1. Parts of brain where 2-way communication is needed
   2. between glial cells
   3. Embryonic nervous system tissue

Question 18

[] [] are the major form of communication between cells in the nervous system

Answer 18

Chemical synapses

Question 19

What are the 3 general types of chemical synapses?

Answer 19

Axodendritic

Axosomatic

Axoaxonic

Question 20

Transmission at chemical synapses is []

Answer 20

Transmission at chemical synapses is unidirectional

Question 21

Cerebral Sprinal Fluid

• functions include protection, [] removal, and providing a [] environment for neurons and support cells
• [] [] helps form CSF.
• Continually circulates through ventricles and emptys into the [] []
• Is in equillibirum with brain [] fluid

Answer 21

• functions include protection, waste removal, and providing a constant environment for neurons and support cells
• Choroid plexus helps form CSF.
• Continually circulates through ventricles and emptys into the arachnoid villi
• Is in equillibirum with brain interstitial fluid

Question 22

The CNS is made up of [] matter and [] matter

• Gray matter consists of [] [] and []
• White matter consists of axons that are []
• In the spinal cord, gray matter is on the [] surrounded by [] matter
• In the cerebrum, white matter is on the []and is surrounded by gray matter (called [])

Answer 22

The CNS is made up of gray matter and white matter

• Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites
• White matter consists of axons that are myelinated
• In the spinal cord, gray matter is on the inside surrounded by white matter
• In the cerebrum, white matter is on the inside and is surrounded by gray matter (called cortex)

Question 23

• The 4 cavities in the adult brain are called []
• The cavity in the adult spinal cord is the [] []

Answer 23

• The 4 cavities in the adult brain are called ventricles
• The cavity in the adult spinal cord is the central canal

Question 24

Blood-Brain Barrier

• CSF and blood [] [] have the same composition
• [] and [] soluble substances pass freely from blood to CSF (O₂, ethanol, ether etc)
• [] and some [] [] are transported from blood to CSF
• blood proteins an macromolcules are []from CSF
• Not all of brain is behind this barrer - [] organs like the pituitary and hypothalamus have [] function and need blood supply.

Answer 24

Blood-Brain Barrier

• CSF and blood do not have the same composition
• Gases and lipid soluble substances pass freely from blood to CSF (O₂, ethanol, ether etc)
• Glucose and some amino acids are transported from blood to CSF
• blood proteins an macromolcules are excluded from CSF
• Not all of brain is behind this barrer - circumventricular organs like the pituitary and hypothalamus have neuroendocrine function and need blood supply.

Question 25

* Cerebrum is the [] portion of the brain and cosists of right and left [] * The hemispheres are connected by a large giber tract called the [] [] * Most structures are found on both sides of the brain, but in some cases, structures which look alike have different functiosn = [] [] []

Answer 25

* Cerebrum is the **largest** portion of the brain and cosists of right and left **hemispheres** * The hemispheres are connected by a large fiber tract called the **corpus callosum** * Most structures are found on both sides of the brain, but in some cases, structures which look alike have different functiosn = **laterality of function**

Question 26

Left Hemisphere: * [] functions: Linguistic, analytical, intellectual * Example: [] ability and languages

Answer 26

* **Symbolic** functions: Linguistic, analytical, intellectual * Example: **Mathematical** ability and languages

Question 27

Right Hemisphere: * [] Functions: Aesthetic, Senses, Mood * Ex: Musical Ability, Spatial Ability

Answer 27

* **Associative** Functions: Aesthetic, Senses, Mood * Ex: Musical Ability, Spatial Ability

Question 28

* [] - elevations of folds * [] - grooves * Fissures - deep grooves that divide hemispheres into []

Answer 28

* **Gyri** - elevations of folds * **Sulci** - grooves * Fissures - deep grooves that divide hemispheres into **lobes**

Question 29

Brainstem consists of: [], [], and []

Answer 29

Midbrain, pons, and Medulla

Question 30

Frontal Lobe: * [] motor control * Neurons for voluntary control are found in the [] [] * Integration of [] and [] input * personality, concentration, verbal communication, [] of inappropriate behavior * Muscles capable of fine, skilled movements have more [] devoted to them tahn muscles for coarse movements.

Answer 30

* **Voluntary** motor control * Neurons for voluntary control are found in the **precentral gyrus** * Integration of **sensory** and **motor** input * personality, concentration, verbal communication, **inhibition** of inappropriate behavior * Muscles capable of fine, skilled movements have more **cortex** devoted to them than muscles for coarse movements.

Question 31

If damage occurs to the frontal lobe: * loss of [] control to the [] side * Deterioration of higher [] abilities * Loss of planning and [] solving * Loss of initiative and []

Answer 31

* loss of **motor** control to the **contralateral** side * Deterioration of higher **intellectual** abilities * Loss of planning and **problem** solving * Loss of initiative and **personality**

Question 32

Parietal Lobe: * Interpretation of [] and [] sensations, [] interpretation * Understanding [] and [] words * Neurons are found in the [] [] [] * If Damaged: * Decreased [] orientation * Loss of [] image on the [] side

Answer 32

* Interpretation of **cutaneous** and **muscle** sensations, **shape** interpretation * Understanding **speech** and formulating **words** * Neurons are found in the **post-central gyrus** * If Damaged: * Decreased **spatial** orientation * Loss of **body** image on the **contralateral** side

Question 33

Temporal Lobe: * [] cortex for hearing (arranged in a [] map) * [] of sights and sounds * [] behavior

Answer 33

Temporal Lobe: * **Auditory** cortex for hearing (arranged in a **tonotopic** map) * **Memory** of sights and sounds * **Emotional** behavior

Question 34

Damage to Temporal Lobe: * []-[] Syndrome * placidity, loss of fear, decreased aggressiveness, hypersexuality, excessive tendency to examine object * Low threshold for [] - which may produce [] in sights, sounds and smells.

Answer 34

Damage to Temporal Lobe: * **Kluver-Bucy** Syndrome * placidity, loss of fear, decreased aggressiveness, hypersexuality, excessive tendency to examine object * Low threshold for **siezures** - which may produce **hallucinations** in sights, sounds and smells.

Question 35

Occipital Lobe * Primarily responsible for [] and coordination of [] [] * Damage: causes problems with []

Answer 35

Occipital Lobe * Primarily responsible for **vision** and coordination of **eye movements** * Damage: causes problems with **vision**

Question 36

Insular Lobe * Functions in [] * [] of other cerebral activities

Answer 36

Insular Lobe * Functions in **memory** * **Integration** of other cerebral activities

Question 37

How man layers are in a cerebral cortex column?

Answer 37

6

Question 38

* Layers 1-3 of the cerebral column are involved in [] between different cortical layers * Layer 4:Receives thalamic [] * Layer 5: Sends cortical [] to brainstema nd spinal cord * Layer 6: Send [] to the []

Answer 38

* Layers 1-3 of the cerebral column are involved in **connections** between different cortical layers * Layer 4:Receives thalamic **input** * Layer 5: Sends cortical **output** to brainstema nd spinal cord * Layer 6: Send **output** to the **thalamus**

Question 39

Basal Ganglia: * Masses of [] matter located within the [] matter of the cerebrum, but not part of the [] * Includes the [] nucleus, [], and [] pallidus * [] with initiation of movement patterns elicted by the motor cortex that connect with [] fiber tracts * Controls [] movements and dteremines direction, force and speed of movement

Answer 39

* Masses of **gray** matter located within the **white** matter of the cerebrum, but not part of the **cerebrum** * Includes the **Caudate** nucleus, **putamen**, and **globus** pallidus * **Helps** with initiation of movement patterns elicted by the motor cortex that connect with **extrapyramidal** fiber tracts * Controls **gross** movements and deteremines direction, force and speed of movement

Question 40

T/F - The Basal Ganglia initiate muscle movement.

Answer 40

False They help execute movements, but cannot initiate.

Question 41

Caudate Nucleus: * Part of the [] [] * Functions in [] control of motor activity pattersn as a consequence of [] * Helps the cortex execute [], but learned patterns of movement

Answer 41

Caudate Nucleus: * Part of the **Basal Ganglia** * Functions in **cognitive** control of motor activity patterns as a consequence of **thought** * Helps the cortex execute **subconscious**, but learned patterns of movement

Question 42

Lentiform Nucleus: * Part of the [] [] and contains the [] and [] pallidus * functions to [] learned, [] patterns of motor behavior

Answer 42

Lentiform Nucleus: * Part of the **Basal Ganglia** and contains the **putamen** and **globus** pallidus * functions to **control** learned **complex** patterns of motor behavior

Question 43

Basal Ganglia Disorders: * [] disease - resting tremor, mask0like face, rigidity, shuffling gait * [] - sudden jerky and purposeless movement. * [] - continuous slow writhing movements of the hands, wrist, neck, face etc. * [] - wild flailing

Answer 43

* **Parkinson's** disease - resting tremor, mask0like face, rigidity, shuffling gait * **Chorea** - sudden jerky and purposeless movement. * **Athetosis** - continuous slow writhing movements of the hands, wrist, neck, face etc. * **Hemiballisumus** - wild flailing

Question 44

Thalamus: * [] and [] relay and integration center to and from the [] cortex * All sensory information, except [], pass through here on its way to the cerebral cortex

Answer 44

* **Sensory** and **motor** relay and integration center to and from the **cerebral** cortex * All sensory information, except **smell**, pass through here on its way to the cerebral cortex

Question 45

Hypothalamus * Vital interface between the [] formation and the [] system * Involved in maintaining []/[] cycles and [] cycles

Answer 45

* Vital interface between the **reticular** formation and the **endocrine** system * Involved in maintaining **sleep/wake** cycles and **menstrual** cycles

Question 46

Hypothalamus: 1. Chronic stimulation of [] hypothalamus causes [] 2. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate [] and [] release from the [] pituitary 3. The hypothalamus is important in [] 4. The body' [] is in the hypothalamus

Answer 46

1. Chronic stimulation of **lateral** hypothalamus causes **overeating** 2. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate **thirst** and **ADH** release from the **posterior** pituitary 3. The hypothalamus is important in **emotions** 4. The body' **thermostat** is in the hypothalamus

Question 47

Hypothalamus: * Receives information directly from the internal environment and operates directly on the [] environment * Via the limbic system, can interact with the [] environment * Regulates functions which involve [] [] [] or perhaps several organ systems

Answer 47

* Receives information directly from the internal environment and operates directly on the **internal** environment * Via the limbic system, can interact with the **external** environment * Regulates functions which involve **more than one** or perhaps several organ systems

Question 48

Limbic System: * Structures have many connections with the thalamus and [], called [] [], but not with the cerebral hemispheres. * More concerned with [] and [] to action and the processes of learning and []. * Its "older" so we don't have great control over emotions...

Answer 48

Limbic System: * Structures have many connections with the thalamus and **hypothalamus**, called **Papez circuit**, but not with the cerebral hemispheres. * More concerned with **mood** and **incentives** to action and the processes of learning and **memory**. * Its "older" so we don't have great control over emotions...

Question 49

Simplified - the cerebrum consists of the [] (new) and the [] system (old)

Answer 49

Simplified - the cerebrum consists of the **neocortex** (new) and the **limbic** system (old)

Question 50

The neocortex regulates precise [] communication wiht environment and formal [] capabilites

Answer 50

The neocortex regulates precise **spatiotemporal** communication with environment and formal **intellectual** capabilites

Question 51

The Cerebellum * Purely [] in function, best [] of all motor structures * Involved in the [] of motor output * provides [] and [] movement * Connected to... * joint, [] , [] receptors * [] cortex * brainstem and spinal cord * Controls motion on the [] side

Answer 51

* Purely **Motor** in function, best **informed** of all motor structures * Involved in the **stabilization** of motor output * provides **smooth** and **coordinated** movement * Connected to... * joint, **tendon**, **muscle** receptors * **Motor** cortex * brainstem and spinal cord * Controls motion on the **ipsilateral** side

Question 52

Disorders due damge of Cerebellum: * Defects in [] of movement, not [] * [] of movement

Answer 52

* Defects in **excecution** of movement, not **initiation** * **Decomposition** of movement