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Dental Physio > Neuro - Pt 1 Intro > Flashcards

Neuro - Pt 1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

  • Responsible for [] functions: maintenance, conservation, protection of body resources etc.
  • Involved with [] autonomic aspect such as digestion
  • Also called the [] because the nerves come from the cranium and saccral region of the spinal cord.
A
  • Responsible for anabolic functions: maintenance, conservation, protection of body resources etc.
  • Involved with involuntary autonomic aspect such as digestion
  • Also called the craniosacral because the nerves come from the cranium and saccral region of the spinal cord.
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2
Q

The Sympathetic division of the ANS

  • Responsible for [] functions: expend bodys resources
  • Also called the [] division because the nerves come from the thorcic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
A
  • Responsible for catabolic functions: expend bodys resources
  • Also called the thoracolumbar division because the nerves come from the thorcic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
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3
Q

ANS:

  • PNS division
    • all preganglionic [] are in the []. Preganglionic fibers synapse close to their target
    • Postganglionic fibers are []
  • SNS division
    • All preganglionic axons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the [] [] or in [] []
    • Post ganglionic fibers can be [], [], or [] and distribute widely throughout the body
A
  • PNS division
    • all preganglionic bodies are in the CNS. Preganglionic fibers synapse close to their target
    • Postganglionic fibers are short
  • SNS division
    • All preganglionic axons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the paravertebral chain or in prevertebral ganglia
    • Post ganglionic fibers can be short, medium, or long and distribute widely throughout the body
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4
Q

The nervous system is composed of 2 types of cells - [] and [] cells

A

The nervous system is composed of 2 types of cells - neurons and glial cells

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5
Q

Glial Cells vs Neurons:

  • Glial cells are not [], but they do have [] []
  • Glial cells are able to divide []
  • Glial cellls are more []
  • Serve as [] cells to neurons.
A
  • Glial cells are not excitable, but they do have membrane potentials
  • Glial cells are able to divide mitotically
  • Glial cellls are more abundant
  • Serve as supporting cells to neurons.
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6
Q

What are the 2 types of Glial cells in the Peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann Cells

Satelitte Cells

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7
Q

What are the 4 glial cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocyte

Astorcytes

Microglia

Ependymal Cells

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8
Q

Glial cells of Peripheral NS:

  • Schwann Cell
    • form [] sheaths around nerve fibers only in peripheral NS.
    • [] axon is myelinated per Schwann, but there could be [] cells along the axon.
  • Satellite Cells
    • found in [] and provide []support and help regulate [] around ganglia
    • [] junctions exist between satellite cells and adjacent neurons
A
  • Schwann Cell
    • form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers only in peripheral NS.
    • One axon is myelinated per Schwann, but there could be mulitple cells along the axon.
  • Satellite Cells
    • found in ganglia and provide structural support and help regulate microenvironment around ganglia
    • Gap junctions exist between satellite cells and adjacent neurons
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9
Q

[] form myeling sheaths around nerve fibers only in the CNS. M[] axons can be myelinated by one cell.

A

Oligodendrocytes form myeling sheaths around nerve fibers only in the CNS. Many axons can be myelinated by one cell.

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10
Q

Astrocytes:

  • Most [] neuroglial cell
  • Only found in the []
  • Serve a [] function and help regulate [] neuronal environment
  • Make contact with [] vessels, repair damaged [] tissue, limit diffusion of [], [] synaptic ability by NT uptake, can [] NT
  • Highly permeable to [], so it can act as a []
  • They are not excitable, but do communicate with [] junctions
  • Help maintain [] junctions of capillaries and cover areas of neurons at [] [] []
A
  • Most numerous neuroglial cell
  • Only found in the CNS
  • Serve a nutritive function and help regulate extracellular neuronal environment
  • Make contact with blood vessels, repair damaged CNS tissue, limit diffusion of NT, terminate synaptic ability by NT uptake, can synthesize NT
  • Highly permeable to K+, so it can act as a buffer
  • They are not excitable, but do communicate with gap junctions
  • Help maintain tight junctions of capillaries and cover areas of neurons at nodes of Ranvier
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11
Q

Microglial Cells of CNS:

  • Respond to [] and [] and remove debris and foreign particles
  • So they ar [] cells
A
  • Respond to injury and inflammation and remove debris and foreign particles
  • So they are phagocytic cells
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12
Q

Ependymal Cells

  • Line the fluid filled [] of the brain and the [] [] of the spinal cord.
  • Found in the [] [] and produce or form [] [] fluid
A
  • Line the fluid filled cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
  • Found in the choroid plexus and produce or form cerebral spinal fluid
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13
Q
  1. [] are groups of cell bodies within the CNS
  2. [] are groups of cell bodies within the Periphral NS
  3. [] are nerve fibers
A
  1. Nuclei are groups of cell bodies within the CNS
  2. Ganglia are groups of cell bodies within the Periphral NS
  3. Axons are nerve fibers
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14
Q

Multipolar Neuron:

  • Have several [] and 1 [] extending from the body
  • Ex: [] []
A
  • Have several dendrites and 1 axon extending from the body
  • Ex: Motor Neuron
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15
Q

Bipolar Neurons

  • Have 2 processes - 1 [] and 1 []- extending from the cell body at either end
  • Ex: neurons in the [] [] [] []
A
  • Have 2 processes - 1 axon and 1 dendrite- extending from the cell body at either end
  • Ex: neurons in the retina of the eye
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16
Q

Pseudo-unipolar Neurons:

  • Have a single short process that divides like a [] from the soma to form 1 long process.
  • One end receives [] stimuli and acts as a dendrite, the other end acts as an axon an [] with a relay center in []
A
  • Have a single short process that divides like a “T” from the soma to form 1 long process.
  • One end receives sensory stimuli and acts as a dendrite, the other end acts as an axon and synapses with a relay center in CNS
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17
Q

Gap Junctions in the Nervous System:

  1. Allows for []-[] transmission
  2. [] the major form of communication in the NS
  3. Found in
    1. Parts of brain where []-[] communication is needed
    2. between [] cells
    3. [] nervous system tissue
A
  1. Allows for 2-way transmission
  2. Not the major form of communication in the NS
  3. Found in
    1. Parts of brain where 2-way communication is needed
    2. between glial cells
    3. Embryonic nervous system tissue
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18
Q

[] [] are the major form of communication between cells in the nervous system

A

Chemical synapses

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19
Q

What are the 3 general types of chemical synapses?

A

Axodendritic

Axosomatic

Axoaxonic

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20
Q

Transmission at chemical synapses is []

A

Transmission at chemical synapses is unidirectional

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21
Q

Cerebral Sprinal Fluid

  • functions include protection, [] removal, and providing a [] environment for neurons and support cells
  • [] [] helps form CSF.
  • Continually circulates through ventricles and emptys into the [] []
  • Is in equillibirum with brain [] fluid
A
  • functions include protection, waste removal, and providing a constant environment for neurons and support cells
  • Choroid plexus helps form CSF.
  • Continually circulates through ventricles and emptys into the arachnoid villi
  • Is in equillibirum with brain interstitial fluid
22
Q

The CNS is made up of [] matter and [] matter

  • Gray matter consists of [] [] and []
  • White matter consists of axons that are []
  • In the spinal cord, gray matter is on the [] surrounded by [] matter
  • In the cerebrum, white matter is on the []and is surrounded by gray matter (called [])
A

The CNS is made up of gray matter and white matter

  • Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites
  • White matter consists of axons that are myelinated
  • In the spinal cord, gray matter is on the inside surrounded by white matter
  • In the cerebrum, white matter is on the inside and is surrounded by gray matter (called cortex)
23
Q
  • The 4 cavities in the adult brain are called []
  • The cavity in the adult spinal cord is the [] []
A
  • The 4 cavities in the adult brain are called ventricles
  • The cavity in the adult spinal cord is the central canal
24
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

  • CSF and blood [] [] have the same composition
  • [] and [] soluble substances pass freely from blood to CSF (O2, ethanol, ether etc)
  • [] and some [] [] are transported from blood to CSF
  • blood proteins an macromolcules are []from CSF
  • Not all of brain is behind this barrer - [] organs like the pituitary and hypothalamus have [] function and need blood supply.
A

Blood-Brain Barrier

  • CSF and blood do not have the same composition
  • Gases and lipid soluble substances pass freely from blood to CSF (O2, ethanol, ether etc)
  • Glucose and some amino acids are transported from blood to CSF
  • blood proteins an macromolcules are excluded from CSF
  • Not all of brain is behind this barrer - circumventricular organs like the pituitary and hypothalamus have neuroendocrine function and need blood supply.
25
Q
  • Cerebrum is the [] portion of the brain and cosists of right and left []
  • The hemispheres are connected by a large giber tract called the [] []
  • Most structures are found on both sides of the brain, but in some cases, structures which look alike have different functiosn = [] [] []
A
  • Cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and cosists of right and left hemispheres
  • The hemispheres are connected by a large fiber tract called the corpus callosum
  • Most structures are found on both sides of the brain, but in some cases, structures which look alike have different functiosn = laterality of function
26
Q

Left Hemisphere:

  • [] functions: Linguistic, analytical, intellectual
    • Example: [] ability and languages
A
  • Symbolic functions: Linguistic, analytical, intellectual
    • Example: Mathematical ability and languages
27
Q

Right Hemisphere:

  • [] Functions: Aesthetic, Senses, Mood
    • Ex: Musical Ability, Spatial Ability
A
  • Associative Functions: Aesthetic, Senses, Mood
    • Ex: Musical Ability, Spatial Ability
28
Q
  • [] - elevations of folds
  • [] - grooves
  • Fissures - deep grooves that divide hemispheres into []
A
  • Gyri - elevations of folds
  • Sulci - grooves
  • Fissures - deep grooves that divide hemispheres into lobes
29
Q

Brainstem consists of: [], [], and []

A

Midbrain, pons, and Medulla

30
Q

Frontal Lobe:

  • [] motor control
  • Neurons for voluntary control are found in the [] []
  • Integration of [] and [] input
  • personality, concentration, verbal communication, [] of inappropriate behavior
  • Muscles capable of fine, skilled movements have more [] devoted to them tahn muscles for coarse movements.
A
  • Voluntary motor control
  • Neurons for voluntary control are found in the precentral gyrus
  • Integration of sensory and motor input
  • personality, concentration, verbal communication, inhibition of inappropriate behavior
  • Muscles capable of fine, skilled movements have more cortex devoted to them than muscles for coarse movements.
31
Q

If damage occurs to the frontal lobe:

  • loss of [] control to the [] side
  • Deterioration of higher [] abilities
  • Loss of planning and [] solving
  • Loss of initiative and []
A
  • loss of motor control to the contralateral side
  • Deterioration of higher intellectual abilities
  • Loss of planning and problem solving
  • Loss of initiative and personality
32
Q

Parietal Lobe:

  • Interpretation of [] and [] sensations, [] interpretation
  • Understanding [] and [] words
  • Neurons are found in the [] [] []
  • If Damaged:
    • Decreased [] orientation
    • Loss of [] image on the [] side
A
  • Interpretation of cutaneous and muscle sensations, shape interpretation
  • Understanding speech and formulating words
  • Neurons are found in the post-central gyrus
  • If Damaged:
    • Decreased spatial orientation
    • Loss of body image on the contralateral side
33
Q

Temporal Lobe:

  • [] cortex for hearing (arranged in a [] map)
  • [] of sights and sounds
  • [] behavior
A

Temporal Lobe:

  • Auditory cortex for hearing (arranged in a tonotopic map)
  • Memory of sights and sounds
  • Emotional behavior
34
Q

Damage to Temporal Lobe:

  • []-[] Syndrome
    • placidity, loss of fear, decreased aggressiveness, hypersexuality, excessive tendency to examine object
  • Low threshold for [] - which may produce [] in sights, sounds and smells.
A

Damage to Temporal Lobe:

  • Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
    • placidity, loss of fear, decreased aggressiveness, hypersexuality, excessive tendency to examine object
  • Low threshold for siezures - which may produce hallucinations in sights, sounds and smells.
35
Q

Occipital Lobe

  • Primarily responsible for [] and coordination of [] []
  • Damage: causes problems with []
A

Occipital Lobe

  • Primarily responsible for vision and coordination of eye movements
  • Damage: causes problems with vision
36
Q

Insular Lobe

  • Functions in []
  • [] of other cerebral activities
A

Insular Lobe

  • Functions in memory
  • Integration of other cerebral activities
37
Q

How man layers are in a cerebral cortex column?

A

6

38
Q
  • Layers 1-3 of the cerebral column are involved in [] between different cortical layers
  • Layer 4:Receives thalamic []
  • Layer 5: Sends cortical [] to brainstema nd spinal cord
  • Layer 6: Send [] to the []
A
  • Layers 1-3 of the cerebral column are involved in connections between different cortical layers
  • Layer 4:Receives thalamic input
  • Layer 5: Sends cortical output to brainstema nd spinal cord
  • Layer 6: Send output to the thalamus
39
Q

Basal Ganglia:

  • Masses of [] matter located within the [] matter of the cerebrum, but not part of the []
  • Includes the [] nucleus, [], and [] pallidus
  • [] with initiation of movement patterns elicted by the motor cortex that connect with [] fiber tracts
  • Controls [] movements and dteremines direction, force and speed of movement
A
  • Masses of gray matter located within the white matter of the cerebrum, but not part of the cerebrum
  • Includes the Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
  • Helps with initiation of movement patterns elicted by the motor cortex that connect with extrapyramidal fiber tracts
  • Controls gross movements and deteremines direction, force and speed of movement
40
Q

T/F - The Basal Ganglia initiate muscle movement.

A

False

They help execute movements, but cannot initiate.

41
Q

Caudate Nucleus:

  • Part of the [] []
  • Functions in [] control of motor activity pattersn as a consequence of []
  • Helps the cortex execute [], but learned patterns of movement
A

Caudate Nucleus:

  • Part of the Basal Ganglia
  • Functions in cognitive control of motor activity patterns as a consequence of thought
  • Helps the cortex execute subconscious, but learned patterns of movement
42
Q

Lentiform Nucleus:

  • Part of the [] [] and contains the [] and [] pallidus
  • functions to [] learned, [] patterns of motor behavior
A

Lentiform Nucleus:

  • Part of the Basal Ganglia and contains the putamen and globus pallidus
  • functions to control learned complex patterns of motor behavior
43
Q

Basal Ganglia Disorders:

  • [] disease - resting tremor, mask0like face, rigidity, shuffling gait
  • [] - sudden jerky and purposeless movement.
  • [] - continuous slow writhing movements of the hands, wrist, neck, face etc.
  • [] - wild flailing
A
  • Parkinson’s disease - resting tremor, mask0like face, rigidity, shuffling gait
  • Chorea - sudden jerky and purposeless movement.
  • Athetosis - continuous slow writhing movements of the hands, wrist, neck, face etc.
  • Hemiballisumus - wild flailing
44
Q

Thalamus:

  • [] and [] relay and integration center to and from the [] cortex
  • All sensory information, except [], pass through here on its way to the cerebral cortex
A
  • Sensory and motor relay and integration center to and from the cerebral cortex
  • All sensory information, except smell, pass through here on its way to the cerebral cortex
45
Q

Hypothalamus

  • Vital interface between the [] formation and the [] system
  • Involved in maintaining []/[] cycles and [] cycles
A
  • Vital interface between the reticular formation and the endocrine system
  • Involved in maintaining sleep/wake cycles and menstrual cycles
46
Q

Hypothalamus:

  1. Chronic stimulation of [] hypothalamus causes []
  2. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate [] and [] release from the [] pituitary
  3. The hypothalamus is important in []
  4. The body’ [] is in the hypothalamus
A
  1. Chronic stimulation of lateral hypothalamus causes overeating
  2. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate thirst and ADH release from the posterior pituitary
  3. The hypothalamus is important in emotions
  4. The body’ thermostat is in the hypothalamus
47
Q

Hypothalamus:

  • Receives information directly from the internal environment and operates directly on the [] environment
  • Via the limbic system, can interact with the [] environment
  • Regulates functions which involve [] [] [] or perhaps several organ systems
A
  • Receives information directly from the internal environment and operates directly on the internal environment
  • Via the limbic system, can interact with the external environment
  • Regulates functions which involve more than one or perhaps several organ systems
48
Q

Limbic System:

  • Structures have many connections with the thalamus and [], called [] [], but not with the cerebral hemispheres.
  • More concerned with [] and [] to action and the processes of learning and [].
  • Its “older” so we don’t have great control over emotions…
A

Limbic System:

  • Structures have many connections with the thalamus and hypothalamus, called Papez circuit, but not with the cerebral hemispheres.
  • More concerned with mood and incentives to action and the processes of learning and memory.
  • Its “older” so we don’t have great control over emotions…
49
Q

Simplified - the cerebrum consists of the [] (new) and the [] system (old)

A

Simplified - the cerebrum consists of the neocortex (new) and the limbic system (old)

50
Q

The neocortex regulates precise [] communication wiht environment and formal [] capabilites

A

The neocortex regulates precise spatiotemporal communication with environment and formal intellectual capabilites

51
Q

The Cerebellum

  • Purely [] in function, best [] of all motor structures
  • Involved in the [] of motor output
    • provides [] and [] movement
  • Connected to…
    • joint, [] , [] receptors
    • [] cortex
    • brainstem and spinal cord
  • Controls motion on the [] side
A
  • Purely Motor in function, best informed of all motor structures
  • Involved in the stabilization of motor output
    • provides smooth and coordinated movement
  • Connected to…
    • joint, tendon, muscle receptors
    • Motor cortex
    • brainstem and spinal cord
  • Controls motion on the ipsilateral side
52
Q

Disorders due damge of Cerebellum:

  • Defects in [] of movement, not []
  • [] of movement
A
  • Defects in excecution of movement, not initiation
  • Decomposition of movement

Dental Physio (36 decks)

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