Renal - Pt 1 Intro

Question 1

Functions of the Kidney:

1. Regulation of blood [] composition
2. Regulation of blood []
3. Regulation of blood []
4. Regulation of blood []

Answer 1

1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
2. Regulation of blood pH
3. Regulation of blood volume
4. Regulation of blood pressure

Question 2

Functions of the Kidney:

1. Maintenance of blood []
2. Production of [] (like [] and [])
3. Regulation of blood [] levels
4. [] of wastes from [] reactions and foreign substances

Answer 2

1. Maintenance of blood osmolarity
2. Production of hormones (like calcitriol and erythropoietin)
3. Regulation of blood glucose levels
4. Excretion of wastes from metabolic reactions and foreign substances

Question 3

The kidneys are the controller of [] in the body.

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

[] [] is the precursor to urine throughout the tubules/collecting ducts etc…

Answer 4

Potential Urine

Question 5

The [] is the microscopic unit of the kidney.

Answer 5

Nephron

Question 6

T/F

The glomerulus filters large and small molecules?

Answer 6

FALSE

The glomerulus only filters small particles (in healthy individuals)

Question 7

Fluids can only be called [] [] once the fluid leaves the [] and passes into the [].

Answer 7

Fluids can only be called true urine once the fluid leaves the kidneys and passes into the ureter.

Question 8

The [] muscles surrounds the [] and contracts when the bladder fills.

Answer 8

Detrusor; bladder

Question 9

T/F

There are no anatomical valves at the opening of the urete into the bladder?

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

[] [], [] [], and [] move urine from the kidneys into the bladder (and also further from the bladder - but these factors become less at the bladder)

Answer 10

Peristaltic Waves, Hyrdostatic Pressure, and gravity move urine from the kidneys into the bladder (and also further from the bladder

Question 11

[] [] are a minor movement form of urine, except when its needed - like to move a kidney stone or something.

Answer 11

Peristaltic Waves

Question 12

The [] is the small tube leading from the [] urethral orific in the floor of the bladder to the exterior of the body.

Answer 12

Urethra; internal

Question 13

The movement of fluids through the ureter is largely due to [] [] generated by the [] and [].

Answer 13

Hydrostatic Pressure

Kidney and Gravity

Question 14

[] is the contant production of urine from the kidneys.

[] is the action of expelling urine into the environment.

Answer 14

Urination

Micturition

Question 15

The [] [] is the process by which the release of urine from the urinary bladder is controlled.

Answer 15

Micturition reflex

Question 16

Micturition Reflex

1. The bladder fills with urine from the ureters, casing [] and [] on the bladder wall
2. The increased bladder wall pressure stretches and stimulates embedded []. These receptors send signals to the spinal cord via [] [] fibers
3. [] [] fibers carry this information from the spinal cord to the [] muscle in the wall of the bladder. The [] muscle contracts, thus [] the pressure within the urinary bladder. Contraction of the detrusor muscle also allows the [] [] sphincter to open
4. It it is appropriate to void, the micturition center in the [] sends [] signals to the [] sphincter, allowing it to open.

Answer 16

1. The bladder fills with urine from the ureters, causing distension and pressure on the bladder wall
2. The increased bladder wall pressure stretches and stimulates embedded mechanoreceptors. These receptors send signals to the spinal cord via parasympathetic afferent fibers
3. PSNS efferent fibers carry this information from the spinal cord to the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder. The detrusor muscle contracts, thus increasing the pressure within the urinary bladder. Contraction of the detrusor muscle also allows the internal urethral sphincter to open
4. It it is appropriate to void, the micturition center in the pons sends somatic signals to the external urethral sphincter, allowing it to open.

Question 17

The external urethral sphincter is classified as a [] muscle.

Answer 17

Skeletal

Question 18

The internal sphincter and the detrusor muscle are classified as [] muscle.

Answer 18

Smooth muscle

Question 19

The mechanoreceptors in the bladder wall sending signals to the spinal cord via parasympathetic afferent fibers is considered a [] reflex.

Answer 19

Direct

Question 20

If inappropriate to void:

• [] Reflexes
  
  • [] the internal urethral sphincter
  • [] of bladder wall (allows filling)

Answer 20

• Sympathetic Reflexes
  
  • Close internal urethral sphincter
  • Relaxation of bladder wall (allows filling)

Question 21

What are the 2 “zones” of the renal cortex?

Answer 21

Outer cortical zone

Inner Juxtamedullary zone

Question 22

[] [] are portions of cortex that extend between renal pyramids.

Answer 22

Renal Columns

Question 23

• [] [] is the inner portion of the kidney
  
  • Several cone shaped renal []
    
    • The bases face the [] and the renal [] points toward the hilum.

Answer 23

• Renal Medulla is the inner portion of the kidney
  
  • Several cone shaped renal pyramids
    
    • The bases face the cortex and the renal papilla points toward the hilum.

Question 24

What are the 2 major parts of the nephron?

Answer 24

Renal Corpusle

Renal Tubules

Question 25

• Renal Corpuscle - [] blood plasma
• Renal Tubule - Filtered fluids passes into the [], Loop of [], [] and []

Answer 25

• Renal Corpuscle - filters blood plasma
• Renal Tubule - Filtered fluids passes into the PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, and CD

Question 26

What are the 2 basic types of nephrons? What is the difference between the 2?

Answer 26

• Cortical nephrons
  
  • ~80% of nephrons are cortical
  • located primarily in the superficial regions of the kidney
• Juxtamedullary nephrons
  
  • More important in concentrating urine
  • Loop of Henle extend deeper into the renal medulla
  • Peritubular capaillaries are referred to Vasa Recta

Question 27

[] [] are located primarily in the superficial regions of the kidney. Their efferent arterioles branch into [] capillaries.

Answer 27

Cortical Nephrons

peritubular capillaries

Question 28

The juxtamedullary nephrons also contain peritubular capillaries but they are referred to as [] [].

Answer 28

vasa recta

Question 29

The [] nephrons extend deep into the renal medulla.

Answer 29

Juxtamedullary

Question 30

The kidneys receive []-[]% of resting cardiac output due to the role of the kidneys in [] blood and is [] due to a high [] need of the tissue

Answer 30

The kidneys receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output due to the role of the kidneys in filtering blood and is not due to a high metabolic need of the tissue

Question 31

The O₂ content in the renal artery vs the renal vein are quite []

Answer 31

similar

Question 32

T/F

The following substances would be normally filtered at the kidneys:

Na+, K+, Ca2+, H₂O, Glucose, HCO₃^-

Answer 32

True.

These are all small molecules that would be filtered at the kidney.

Question 33

T/F

The following moloecules would normally be secreted:

Na+, K+, Ca2+, H2O, Glucose, HCO3-

Answer 33

FALSE

Normally, these are substances that our body wants to keep. So they would not be secreted but reabsorbed.

Question 34

What types of molecules would be secreted throughout the renal system?

Answer 34

Urea

H⁺

Creatinine

Antibiotics

(also anything that could be in a major excess)

Question 35

• Reabsorption could be defined as the movement of a substance from the [] [] to the []
• Secretion could be defined as the movement of a substance from the [] to the [] [].

Answer 35

• Reabsorption could be defined as the movement of a substance from the potential urine to the blood
• Secretion could be defined as the movement of a substance from the blood to the potential urine.

Question 36

What would be an “equation” to find the Excreted blood amount?

Answer 36

FIltered - Reabsorbed + Secreted.