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Dental Physio > Neuro - Pt 4 Sensory Cont'd > Flashcards

Neuro - Pt 4 Sensory Cont'd Flashcards

1
Q

Gate Theory:

  • Touching, shaking, or rubbing an injured area will [] the pain from that area.
  • Mechanism:
    • [] [] fibers are stimulated when you shake/rub
    • These fibers [] the afferent fibers form nociceptors [] at the dorsal root ofhte spinal cord
A

Gate Theory:

  • Touching, shaking, or rubbing an injured area will decrease the pain from that area.
  • Mechanism:
    • Large afferent fibers are stimulated when you shake/rub
    • These fibers inhibit the afferent fibers form nociceptors presynaptically at the dorsal root of the spinal cord
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2
Q

Tooth Pain:

  • Can be caused by mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulation of [] or [] []
A

Dentin or dental pulp

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3
Q

Nociceptors and Tooth Pain:

  • Nerve fibers enter pulp at [] of root
  • Dentinal nerve endings are []. A pain response can be initiated from area in the tooth [] nerve endings and [] different stimuli can cause a pain sensation
  • Innervation [] is not uniform
  • Pain receptors are not [] active
    • [] enhances responses.
A
  • Nerve fibers enter pulp at apex of root
  • Dentinal nerve endings are unspecialized. A pain response can be initiated from areas in the tooth without nerve endings and many different stimuli can cause a pain sensation
  • Innervation density is not uniform
  • Pain receptors are not spontaneously active
    • Inflammation enhances responses.
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4
Q
  1. Tooth pain is transmitted in [] and [] fibers
  2. Pain pathway:
    1. Afferent Fibers –> [] nerve –> cell bodies in trigeminal [] –> medullary [] horn –> [] nuclei –> Thalamus –> []
A
  1. Tooth pain is transmitted in A-delta and C fibers
  2. Tooth pain pathway:
    1. Afferent Fibers –> trigeminal nerve –> cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion –> medullary dorsal horn –> trigeminal nuclei –> Thalamus –> Cortex
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5
Q

Non-Nociceptive Sensations:

  • Stimulation of dentin also causes sensations other than []
  • [] threshold [] (with [] afferents) that convey information about mechanical forces acting on teeth
A
  • Stimulation of dentin also causes sensations other than pain
  • the pulp contains low threshold mechanoreceptors (with myelinated afferents) that convey information about mechanical forces acting on teeth
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6
Q

Conduction velocity is related to nerve fiber [] and whether the fiber is [] or [].

A

Conduction velocity is related to nerve fiber diameter and whether the fiber is myelinated or unmyelinated.

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7
Q

[] [] is related to nerve fiber diameter and whether the fiber is myelinated or unmyelinated.

A

Conduction velocity is related to nerve fiber diameter and whether the fiber is myelinated or unmyelinated.

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8
Q

What are the 2 systems for sensory nerves in the spinal column?

A
  • Dorsal column/Lemniscal System
  • Anterolateral Tract: 2 subdivisions
    • anterolateral spinothalamic tract and lateral spinothalamic tract
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9
Q

Spinal Column Pathways for Sensory Nerves:

  1. Dorsal Column/Lemniscal System:
    1. responsible for fine [] & []sensation
  2. Anterolateral Tracts
    1. Anteriorlateral spinothalamic - fibers run to [], [], and [] []
    2. Lateral Spinothalamic - fibers run to [] and [] [], with some to thalamus and somatosensory cortex
A
  1. Dorsal Column/Lemniscal System:
    1. responsible for fine touch & vibration sensation
  2. Anterolateral Tracts
    1. Anteriorlateral spinothalamic - fibers run to thalamus, brainstem, and somatosensory cortex
    2. Lateral Spinothalamic - fibers run to brainstem and reticular formation, with some to thalamus and somatosensory cortex
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10
Q

The Dorsal Column/Lemniscal

  • Touch sensation requiring a high degree of [] of the stimulus
  • Touch sensation requiring transmission of [] [] of intensity
  • [] sensations
  • Sensations that signal [] agaisnt skin
  • [] sensations with fine degress of pressure intensity
A
  • Touch sensation requiring a high degree of localization of the stimulus
  • Touch sensation requiring transmission of fine gradatioins of intensity
  • Phasic sensations
  • Sensations that signal movement agaisnt skin
  • Pressure sensations with fine degress of pressure intensity
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11
Q

The Doral Column-Lemniscal System

  • 1st order neuron - primary afferent with cell body in dorsal [] or [] ganglion
  • 2nd order neuron - crosses in [] and ascends to []
  • 3rd order neuron - relay nucleus of the thalamus ascends to [] cortex
  • 4th order neuron - in a sensory area of []
A

The Doral Column-Lemniscal System

  • 1st order neuron - primary afferent with cell body in dorsal root or cranial ganglion
  • 2nd order neuron - crosses in brainstem and ascends to thalamus
  • 3rd order neuron - relay nucleus of the thalamus ascends to somatosensory cortex
  • 4th order neuron in a sensory area of cortex
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12
Q

The Anterolateral System

  • Main [] sensory system
  • Thermal sensation, including both [] and []
  • [] touch and pressure that can only be crudely [] on the surface of the body
  • [] and []
  • [] Sensations !!
A
  • Main pain sensory system
  • Thermal sensation, including both warmth and cold
  • Crude touch and pressure that can only be crudely localized on the surface of the body
  • Tickling and Itching
  • Sexual Sensations !!
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13
Q

The anterolateral System:

  • Lower degree of [] of intensity
  • 1st order neuron - cell body in the [] horn
  • 2nd order neuron - crosses in [] [] and ascends to [] and []
  • 3rd order neuron - in a relay nucleus of the [] that projects to the []cortex
  • 4th order neuron - in a sensory area of the []
A
  • Lower degree of gradations of intensity
  • 1st order neuron - cell body in the dorsal horn
  • 2nd order neuron - crosses in spinal cord and ascends to brainstem and thalamus
  • 3rd order neuron - in a relay nucleus of the thalamus that projects to the somatosensory cortex
  • 4th order neuron - in a sensory area of the cortex
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14
Q

Higher functions in the brain…

  1. Primary sensory areas - spatial localization of signals from [] receptors, areas are directly involved with []
  2. Sensory Association Areas - [] livel of sensory experience interpretation
A
  1. Primary sensory areas - spatial localization of signals from peripheral receptors, areas are directly involved with processing
  2. Sensory Association Areas - higher level of sensory experience interpretation
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15
Q

Smell vs Taste:

  1. Smell - Can project to the cortex without going through a [] in the thalamus. But also goies through a [] relay
  2. Taste- neural pathway travels up the [] [] to the thalamus and projects to the [] []
A
  1. Smell - Can project to the cortex without going through a relay in the thalamus. But also goes through a thalamic relay
  2. Taste- neural pathway travels up the brain stem to the thalamus and projects to the postcentral gyrus
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16
Q

Smell: Receptors:

  1. Receptors are [] neurons located in the [] mucosa
  2. Primary olfactory input is transmitted directly, via the olfactory nerve, to the [] bulb of the [] [] (but there is still a thalamic path)
A
  1. Receptors are bipolar neurons located in the olfactory mucosa
  2. Primary olfactory input is transmitted directly, via the olfactory nerve, to the olfactory bulb of the cerebral cortex (but there is still a thalamic path)
17
Q

Smell: Receptor Stimulation

  1. Airborne particles must be [] in the nusal mucosa to be smelled
  2. Mechanism of generator potential is [] []
  3. Odorant is bound to an olfactory protein receptor and signaling involves [] []-coupled receptors. –> opening of Ca++ and Na+ channels –> Action potential
  4. Adaptation is [] and [] specific
A
  1. Airborne particles must be dissolved in the nusal mucosa to be smelled
  2. Mechanism of generator potential is not known
  3. Odorant is bound to an olfactory protein receptor and signaling involves G protein-coupled receptors. –> opening of Ca++ and Na+ channels –> Action potential
  4. Adaptation is rapid and odor specific
18
Q

Smell discrimination:

  • Receptors have a high [] but have a porr ability to [] how much of a substance is present
  • Substances having a strong odor usually have a high [] and [] solubility
A
  • Receptors have a high sensitivity but have a poor ability to discriminate how much of a substance is present
  • Substances having a strong odor usually have a high lipid and water solubility
19
Q

Taste: Receptors:

  1. Receptors are specialized [] cells with microvilli at apical surface
  2. [] receptors
  3. Old taste cells are replaced by new cells from surrounding [] cells, epithelial cells [] to taste cells when they contact [] [] fibers
  4. Each unmyelinated fiber wraps around [] taste cells
A
  1. Receptors are specialized epithelial cells with microvilli at apical surface
  2. Chemosensitive receptors
  3. Old taste cells are replaced by new cells from surrounding epithelial cells, epithelial cells convert to taste cells when they contact afferent nerve fibers
  4. Each unmyelinated fiber wraps around several taste cells
20
Q

Taste:

  • Summary of pathway
    • [] –> [] –> [] –> []
A

Medulla –> Pons –> Thalamus –> Cortex

21
Q

The 5 basic modalities of taste:

A

Sweet

Salty

Sour

Bitter

Savory

22
Q

Modalities of Taste:

  • Each taste receptor responds to [] than 1 taste, but each responds [] to 1 of the different modalities.
  • Taste depends on the [] [] []
  • Taste preference is a central ([]) phenomenon, and not due to [] [] (same with unpleasant sensations)
A
  • Each taste receptor responds to more than 1 taste, but each responds best to 1 of the different modalities.
  • Taste depends on the pattern of stimulation
  • Taste preference is a central (cortical) phenomenon, and not due to taste buds (same with unpleasant sensations)
23
Q

Another name for savory taste….

A

umami

24
Q

Vestibular System:

  1. Provides information that is important for [] []
  2. Maintains [] in antigravity muscles
  3. Coordinates adjustments made by [] and [] in response to postural changes
  4. Important for reflexes of [] which also involve the [] and [] formation
A
  1. Provides information that is important for equilibrium maintenance
  2. Maintains tone in antigravity muscles
  3. Coordinates adjustments made by eyes and limbs in response to postural changes
  4. Important for reflexes of equilibrium which also involve the cerebellum and reticular formation
25
Q

The 2 vestibular organs: …

A

Otolith organs and semicircular canals

26
Q

Vestibular Organs:

  • Anatomically associated with the [] []
  • Located in the [] [] system
    • cavities filled with membranous [] and []
  • Continuous with the [], but not part of th ear.
A
  • Anatomically associated with the inner ear
  • Located in the boney labyrinth system
    • cavities filled with membranous sacs and fluids
  • Continuous with the cochlea, but not part of th ear.
27
Q

Otolith Organs:

  • [] in each ear
  • [] like
  • Detect [] [] including that due to []
  • Utricle - more sensitive to [] acceleration
  • Saccule - more sensitive to [] acceleration
A
  • 2 in each ear
  • Sac like
  • Detect linear acceleration including that due to gravity
  • Utricle - more sensitive to horizontal acceleration
  • Saccule - more sensitive to vertical acceleration
28
Q

Semicircular Canals:

  • [] in each ear
  • Detect [] (angular) acceleration
  • Horizontal (x) - plane [] to earth
  • Vertical (y) - plane passing through center of head towards []
  • Posterior Vertical (z) - plane passing through center of head towards []
A
  • 3 in each ear
  • Detect rotational (angular) acceleration
  • Horizontal (x) - plane parallel to earth
  • Vertical (y) - plane passing through center of head towards eye
  • Posterior Vertical (z) - plane passing through center of head towards ear
29
Q

Hair Cells:

  • Are receptor cells in the [] organs
  • in the otolith organs, they are located in a mass of tissue called the []
  • In the semicricular canals they are located in a mass of tissue called the []
  • Ouput of hair cells is sensed via the [] nerve
A
  • Are receptor cells in the vestibular organs
  • in the otolith organs, they are located in a mass of tissue called the macula
  • In the semicricular canals they are located in a mass of tissue called the cupula
  • Ouput of hair cells is sensed via the vestibular nerve
30
Q

The 2 parts of the otolith organs are the [] and []

A

uticle and saccule

31
Q

Detection of movement by otolith organs:

  • the macula contains [] [] crystals called otoliths which are attached to the [] of hair cells
A

the macula contains calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths which are attached to the cilia of hair cells

32
Q
  • T/F - Cilia have directional sensitivity
  • When cilia are bent one way they cause [], when they are bent the other way…they cause []
A
  • True!
  • When cilia are bent one way they cause depolarization, when they are bent the other way…they cause hyperpolarization
33
Q

Detection of movement in Otolith:

  • Utricle
    • Macula lie in a [] plane
    • Crystals bear weight when the head is in a [] orientation
      • detects head movement with respect to [] (up or down body movement)
      • head [] (forward/backward body movement)
A
  • Utricle
    • Macula lie in a horizontal plane
    • Crystals bear weight when the head is in a normal orientation
      • detects head movement with respect to gravity (up or down body movement) and
      • head acceleration (forward/backward body movement)
34
Q

Detection of Movement by Otolith:

  • Saccule
    • Macula lies in a [] plane
      • crystals bear weight when the head is not [] (or laying down, tilted)
      • Head movement with respect to [] is detected
A
  • Saccule
    • Macula lies in a vertical plane
      • crystals bear weight when the head is not vertical (or laying down, tilted)
      • Head movement with respect to gravity is detected
35
Q

Detection of Movement by Semicircular Canals

  • Detects only [] []…or the starting and stopping
A

Detects only rotational acceleration…or the starting and stopping

36
Q

Detection of Movement by Semicircular Canals

  • When rotation first begins:
    • Head rotates in plane of the canal and the [] moves with [] to the fluid
    • [] moves when the canal moves
    • The fluid in the canal [] [] move yet
    • The [] bend
    • Hair cells within cupula are []
A
  • When rotation first begins:
    • Head rotates in plane of the canal and the canal moves with respect to the fluid
    • Cupula moves when the canal moves
    • The fluid in the canal does not move yet
    • The cupula bends
    • Hair cells within cupula are stimulated
37
Q

Detection of Movement by Semicircular Canals:

  • As Rotation continues
    • fluid in the canal begins to [] with the canal and there is no further net flow through the []
    • Cupula is no longer []
    • Hair cells are no longer []
A
  • As Rotation continues
    • fluid in the canal begins to move with the canal and there is no further net flow through the cupula
    • Cupula is no longer bent
    • Hair cells are no longer stimulated
38
Q

Detection of Movement by Semicircular Canal

  • When head stops rotational movement
    • Canal [] rotating immediately
    • [] continues to rotate
    • Cupulua is moved in the [] direction
    • [] [] within the cupular are stimulated
A
  • When head stops rotational movement
    • Canal stops rotating immediately
    • Fluid continues to rotate
    • Cupulua is moved in the opposite direction
    • Hair cells within the cupular are stimulated

Dental Physio (36 decks)

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