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Dental Physio > Circulatory Pt 4 - Controlling Blood Flow > Flashcards

Circulatory Pt 4 - Controlling Blood Flow Flashcards

1
Q

Active Hyperemia:

  1. Occurs in response to build up of []
  2. [] PO2
  3. [] PCO2
  4. [] ADP or Adenosine
  5. [] Lactic Acid
  6. [] H+
  7. [] Temperature
A
  1. Occurs in response to build up of metabolites
  2. decreased PO2
  3. increased PCO2
  4. increased ADP or Adenosine
  5. increased Lactic Acid
  6. increased H+
  7. increased Temperature
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2
Q

The myogenic method is thought to [] capillary beds through []

A

protect; vasoconstriction

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3
Q

What are the 3 main “centers” found in the Medullary Cardiovascular Center?

A
  1. Cardiac Pressor Center
  2. Cardiac Depressor Center
  3. Vasoconstrictor Center
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4
Q

T/F

When metabolic regulation increases blood flow to an area, it allows for greater nutrient delivery and more efficient removal of wastes from the tissue.

A

TRUE!

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5
Q

Tissue metabolites lead to vasodilation which would [] arteriole resistance and [] to blood flow through the tissue bed.

A

decrease

increase

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6
Q

Nitric Oxide inhibits the []-[] [] [], which allow the relaxation of the VSM and [] of the blood vessel.

A

myosin-light chain kinase

Vasodilation

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7
Q

Active tissues, such as skeletal muscle, produce a build up of [] which lead to a [] response in the surrounding arterioles

A

metabolites

Vasodilation

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8
Q

If the vasoconstrictor center decreases its output to resistance vessels, what would the results be….vasoconstriction or vasodilation???

A

vasodilation

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9
Q

T/F

Baroreceptors are activated anytime they are stretched?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Endothelial cells contain the enzyme, [] [] [], which is responsible fot eh production of nitric oxide from []-[].

A

Nitrix Oxide Synthase

L-arginine

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11
Q

Pressure receptors found in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are called []

A

baroreceptors

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12
Q

T/F

Central Chemoreceptors do not respond to arterial H+ alteration.

A

TRUE

The central chemoreceptors respond to intersitial H+ alteration, on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

Do atrial stretch receptors cause an increase or decrease in SNS output to the vascular smooth muscle?

*Just a note, we didn’t really cover how this control mechanism directly affects SNS output*

A

They cause a decrease in SNS output because the vasculature vasodilates to allow more blood to flow to the kidneys.

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14
Q

Myogenic Mechanism:

  1. Vascular smooth muscle reacts to stretching by []
  2. Stretching of VSM opens [] - [] calcium channels
  3. This leads to [] of vascular smooth muscle, [] the diameter of the blood vessel
A
  1. Vascular smooth muscle reacts to stretching by contracting
  2. Stretching of VSM opens stretch - operated calcium channels
  3. This leads to contraction of vascular smooth muscle, decreasing the diameter of the blood vessel
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15
Q

What are the 5 vasodilator humoral agents?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Bradykinin
  3. Acetylcholine
  4. Prostaglandins E2 and I2
  5. Nitric Oxide
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16
Q

If the chemoreceptors detect Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, or Acidosis….what is the effect on the vasconstrictor center?

A

The vasoconstrictor center will increase SNS input to vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction). This will redirect blood from the muscle, renal, splanichnic beds to the core - heart and brain.

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17
Q

What are the 5 Systemic control mechanisms to control blood flow and pressure?

A

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Innervation

Baroreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Atrial Stretch Receptors

Humoral Agents

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18
Q

T/F

In an elastic blood vessl, large-scale changes in the arterial pressure have very little effect on the blood flow within a regulated range

A

FALSE

The ability to handle large scale pressure changes, but keep blood flow constant happens in auto-regulated vessels

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19
Q

Scenario Run Through:

  1. Baroreceptors are stretched due to an increase in blood pressure/blood volume
  2. Action potentials to medullary cardiovascular center [] in frequency
  3. The reaction from the cardiovascular center
    1. [] from Cardiac Depressor Center
    2. [] from cardiac pressor center
    3. [] from vasoconstrictor center
  4. [] in cardiac output and [] of resistance vessels
A
  1. Blank
  2. increase
    1. Increase
    2. Decrease
    3. Decrease
  4. Decrease in cardiac output and vasodilation of resistance vessels
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20
Q

What are the 2 general types of control for blood flow?

A

Systemic - monitors what the entire body needs

Local - tissue specific

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21
Q

Why would it be advantageous, for the body, for the baroreceptors to be located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch?

A
  • Carotid sinus leads to the brain…so the baroreceptors can monitor blood going to the brain
  • The aortic arch leads to the systemic circuit…so the barorecptos cna monito the blood pumping out to the whole body.
22
Q

T/F

SNS Systemic control overrides local control except in Smooth musce, Cerebral Circulation, Coronary Circulation.

A

FALSE

The exception should be active skeletal muscle, cerebral Circulaiton, Coronary Circulation

23
Q

How can heart rate influence coronary perfusion?

  • Scenario - Increase in Heart Rate
    • [] time in diastole
    • [] perfusion of coronary tissue
A
  • Scenario - Increase in Heart Rate
    • decrease time in diastole
    • decrease perfusion of coronary tissue
24
Q

Reactive Hyperemia:

  1. Occurs when there is a [] occlusion of blood flow
  2. Restoration of blood flow leads to a temporarily [] level of perfusion
  3. [] out metabolite build-up
A
  1. Occurs when there is a temporary occlusion of blood flow
  2. Restoration of blood flow leads to a temporarily high level of perfusion
  3. Washes out metabolite build-up
25
Q

PNS output to the heart is controlled by the [] [] [] in the cardiovascular center.

What response would this innervation lead to in the heart?

A
  1. Cardiac Depressor Center
  2. This would lead to a decrease in heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity
26
Q

Coronary Circulation:

  1. Most important mechanism: local [] control
    1. Vasoactive Metabolites = [] and []
  2. Alterations in [] [] can influence perfusion of the coronary circulation
  3. Least important Mechanism:
    1. [] control of blood vessels
A
  1. Most important mechanism: local metabolite control
    1. Vasoactive Metabolites = hypoxia and adenosine
  2. Alterations in heart rate can influence perfusion of the coronary circulation
  3. Least important Mechanism - Sympathetic control of blood vessels
27
Q

T/F

At the blood vessles, PNS output from the vasoconstrictor center leads to vasoconstriction of the bloods vessel?

A

FALSE

The PNS does not play a significant role in the innervation of blood vessels.

The SNS would cause an increase or decrease of vasoconstriction in the blood vessels.

28
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors detect partial pressures of [] [] and [], and the [] of the blood.

A

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

pH

29
Q

T/F

The central chemoreceptors detect concentrations of pH, arterial CO2 and Oxygen?

A

FALSE

Central chemoreceptors do detect pH and CO2 but they do no detect changes in oxygen levels.

30
Q

An increase in [] [], from the vasoconstrictor center, to the resistance arterioles and veins would results in vaso-[]….

A

Sympathetic output

Vasoconstriction

31
Q

Where are the 2 locations that you could find chemoreceptors?

A
  • Central Chemoreceptors - located in the medulla
  • Peripheral Chemoreceptors
    • located in the same general area as baroreceptors, but are different.
    • Reffered to as “bodies”
32
Q

In pulmonary circulation, a local hypoxia in the alveoli results in a [] of the surrounding arterioles.

This process, []-[] [], allows the blood to be shunted to other alveoli that are functioning properly.

A

vasoconstriction

ventilation-perfusion matching

33
Q

Atrial Stretch Receptors:

  1. As the blood [], or filling presssure, of the atria increase, the atrial stretch [] are stimulated and the atria release the hormone [] [] [] (ANP)
  2. ANP stimulates [] of the vasculatures, and a [] in the total peripheral resistance
  3. This [] blood flow to the kidneys which increase [] and [] exreation, thus lowering the [] []
A
  1. As the blood volume, or filling presssure, of the atria increase, the atrial stretch receptors are stimulated and the atria release the hormone atria natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  2. ANP stimulates vasodilation of the vasculatures, and a decrease in the total peripheral resistance
  3. This increases blood flow to the kidneys which increase sodium and water excretion, thus lowering the blood volume
34
Q

In most cases, [] control via the sympathetic nervous system will override any [] control mechanisms.

A

systemic

local

35
Q

The heart and blood vessesl are primarily controlled by the [] [] in the medulla and pons

A

Cardiovascular Center

36
Q

Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation?

  1. Myogenic mechanism due to increased local pressure
  2. Release of nitric oxide due to increased shear stress
  3. Localized hypoxia in pulmonary blood vessels
  4. Localized hypoxia in blood vessels of the splanchnic circulation
  5. Localized hypoxia in the coronary circulation
A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Vasoconstriction
  4. Vasodilation
  5. Vasodilation
37
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors increase their generation of action potentials in response to:

  1. A [] level of Carbon dioxide, called []
  2. A [] level of oxygen, called []
  3. A [] pH/ [] hydrogen ion concentration, called []
  4. These signals cause an increase in []
A
  1. A high level of Carbon dioxide, called hyper capnia
  2. A low level of oxygen, called hypoxia
  3. A low pH/ high hydrogen ion concentration, called acidosis
  4. These cause an increase in ventilation…respiratory response mainly.
38
Q

What are 3 causes we went over that could lead to the production of Nitric Oxide?

A
  1. Sheer stress…or an increase in blood velocity
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Presence of other chemicals like histamine, Ach, Bradykinin
39
Q

SNS output to the heart is controlled by the [] [] [] in the cardiovascular center

A

Cardiac Pressor Center

40
Q

The [] mechanism is one method by which an organ can maintain a relatively constant blood flow under differeing conditions of pressure.

A

Myogenic

41
Q

When baroreceptors are [], they increase their frequency of [] [] sent to the cardiovascular center in the medulla.

A

stretched

action potentials

42
Q

[] is a process by which a blood vessel maintains a relatively constant flow over a range of changes in arterial pressure.

A

Autoregulation

43
Q

In the systemic circulation, a lack of oxygen at the cells leads to a [] of the arterioles. This [] blood flow to the tissue.

A

vasodilation

increases

44
Q

What are some examples of metabolites that active tissues can produce?

A

CO2

Lactic Acid

H+

Adenosine

Prostaglandins

45
Q

NO is a potent [] and is produced by [] cells in the vasculature

A

vasodilator; endothelial cells

46
Q

During an extreme fight or flight scenario, the systemic system will [] all non essential vasculature systems.

A

Vasoconstrict

47
Q

What are the 3 local control mechanisms of blood flow and pressure?

A

Myogenic Mechanism

Nitric Oxide

Metabolic Regulation

48
Q

What are the 6 vasoconstrictor humoral agents?

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Angiotensin II
  • ADH (vasopressin)
  • Prostaglandin - PGF
  • Thromboxane
49
Q

Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation?

  1. Stimulation of baroreceptors in the carotid sinus
  2. Hypercapnia at the carotid bodies-response of skeletal muscle at rest
  3. Localized hypercapnia in active skeletal muscle
  4. Increase in circulating levels of ANP in renal vascular bed
  5. Release of histamine in cutaneous circulation
A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Vasoconstriction
  3. Vasodilation
  4. Vasodilation
  5. Vasodilation
50
Q

Cerebral Circulation:

  • Most important mechanism = local [] control
    • Vasoactive metabolites = [] and []
  • Least important mechanism = [] control of blood vessels
A
  1. Most important mechanism = local metabolic control
    • Vasoactive metabolites = CO2 and H+
  2. Least important mechanism = Systemic control of blood vessels

Dental Physio (36 decks)

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