Endocrine - Pt 4 Calcium and Male Repro Flashcards
Calcium plasma concentrations are carefully monitored and maintained at approximately [] mg/dL
Calcium plasma concentrations are carefully monitored and maintained at approximately 10 mg/dL
Parathyroid hormone:
- Type of hormone: []
- Site of formation: [] cells (or principle) cells of the parathyroid gland
- Site of action: []/[]
- Type of hormone: protein
- Site of formation: Chief cells (or principle) cells of the parathyroid gland
- Site of action: Bone/Kidney
Calcitonin:
- Type of hormone: []
- Site of Formation: [] cells (or C cells) in the thyroid gland
- Site of Action: []
- Type of hormone: Protein
- Site of Formation: Parafollicular cells (or C cells) in the thyroid gland
- Site of Action: Bone
Vitamin D3
- Type of hormone: []
- Site of Formation: []/[]
- Site of Action: []/[]
- Type of hormone: Steroid
- Site of Formation: Diet/Skin
- Site of Action: Intestine/Bone
- Parathyroid hormone is one of the main hormones that control serum levels of [] and []
- PTH is released from [] cells of the parathryoid gland in response to [] plasma calcium levels
- Parathyroid hormone is one of the main hormones that control serum levels of calcium and phosphate
- PTH is released from chief cells of the parathryoid gland in response to low plasma calcium levels
Parathyroid Hormone:
- Stimulates []
- Inhibits []
- [] calcium reabsorption in the kidney and [] phosphate reabsorption
- Stimulates osteoclasts
- Inhibits osteoblasts
- Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidney and inhibit phosphate reabsorption
- Calcitonin is released in response to [], and is othen released in a [] state.
- Calcitonin serves to [] osteoclast activity
- Calcitonin is released in response to hypercalcemia, and is othen released in a postprandial state.
- Calcitonin serves to inhibit osteoclast activity
- How does PTH effect phosphate reabsorption?
- Why do we want to get rid of phosphates and save calcium?
- It somehow reduces the transport maximum for phosphate reabsorption in the kidney. Therefore, decreasing the amount we save.
- We want to get rid of phosphate so it doesnt bind with the calcium we are saving
PTH Overall effects:
- [] plasma calcium levels
- [] bone calcium levels
- [] plasma phosphate levels
Calcitonin Overall effects:
- [] plama calcium levles
- [] bone calcium levels
PTH Overall effects:
- Increase plasma calcium levels
- Decrease bone calcium levels
- Decrease plasma phosphate levels
Calcitonin Overall effects:
- Decrease plama calcium levles
- Increase bone calcium levels
Pre ursors of Vitamin D3 can be formed in the skin from [enzyme] using UV rays
Pre ursors of Vitamin D3 can be formed in the skin from 7-dehydocholestrerol using UV rays
Pathway to make active Vitmamin D
- UV light + 7-dehydrocholesterol => []
- In the liver, cholecalciferol + 25-hydroxylase => []
- In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is [], 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 1a-hydroxylase ==> []
Pathway to make active Vitmamin D
- UV light + 7-dehydrocholesterol => Cholecalciferol
- In the liver, cholecalciferol + 25-hydroxylase => 25-OH-Cholecalciferol
- In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is low, 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 1a-hydroxylase ==> 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol
Pathway to make inactive Vitmamin D
- UV light + [] => Cholecalciferol
- In the liver, cholecalciferol + [] => 25-OH-Cholecalciferol
- In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is plenty, 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 24-hydroxylase ==> []
- light + 7-dehydrocholesterol => Cholecalciferol
- In the liver, cholecalciferol + 25-hydroxylase => 25-OH-Cholecalciferol
- In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is plenty, 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 24-hydroxylase ==> 24,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol
[], in the liver, converts cholecalciferol into 25-OH-cholecalciferol
25-hydroxylase, in the liver, converts cholecalciferol into 25-OH-cholecalciferol
Another name for 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol is [], or active Vitamin D
Another name for 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol is calcitriol, or active Vitamin D
The main action of calcitriol is in the [] to [] calcium absorption
The main action of calcitriol is in the intestines to increase calcium absorption
Hyperparathyroidism:
- Think an increase in [] and [] too much from bone
- There is an [] in free plasma Ca2+
- Possibly [] [] as another side effect
- Think an increase in PTH and removing too much from bone
- There is an increase in free plasma Ca2+
- Possibly kidney stones as another side effect
Hypoparathyroidism
- Think a [] in PTH and removing too [] from bone
- Patient would have a [] in free plasma Ca2+
- Think a decrease in PTH and removing too little from bone
- Patient would have a decrease in free plasma Ca2+
Vitamin D deficiency
- Patient sees a [] in bone formation
- Patient sees a [] in free plasma Ca2+
- Patient sees a decrease in bone formation
- Patient sees a decrease in free plasma Ca2+
Hyperparathyroidism:
- can cause cardiac effects such as [] and []…as well as [] []
- Muscle weakness comes from a [] neuromuscular excitability - too much [] outside of cells messes with the resting membrane potential
- an cause cardiac effects such as bradycardia and arrhythmias…as well as muscle weakness
- Muscle weakness comes from a depressed neuromuscular excitability - too much Ca2+ outside of cells messes with the resting membrane potential
Vitamin D Deficiency
- In children it coud lead to []
- characterized by growth [] and skeletal []
- In adults it could lead to [] or bone softening in which new bone fails to []
- In children it coud lead to rickets
- characterized by growth failure and skeletal deformities
- In adults it could lead to osteomalacia or bone softening in which new bone fails to mineralize
Osteoporosis
- involves the loss of both bone [] and [] matrix
- Increasing common in ederly women after menopause due to the decreased levels of []
- involves the loss of both bone mineral and organic matrix
- Increasing common in ederly women after menopause due to the decreased levels of estrogen
The 4 exocrine secretions of the male reproductive track:
Semen/Sperm
Prostate gland secretions
Seminal vesicle secretions
Bulba-urethral secretions
Main roles of reproductive hormones:
- stimulate the male pattern of development in the [] period
- Control sperm production, called []
- Promotote male [] sexual characteristics at puberty and into adulthood
- increase []
- stimulate the male pattern of development in the prenatal period
- Control sperm production, called spermatogenesis
- Promotote male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and into adulthood
- increase libido
The ideal temperature for spermatogenesis is [] C [] core body temperature
The ideal temperature for spermatogenesis is 3-4 C below core body temperature
The [] and [] muscles of the scrotum play a vital role in this temperature regulation
The cremaster and dartos muscles of the scrotum play a vital role in this temperature regulation
Developing spermatozoa are nourished and protected by [] cells
sertoli
Sertoli Cells form the [] barrier
blood-testis
The [] cells are responsible for the production of testosterone
leydig
- Once spermatozoa are produced, they travel through a series of tubes that include the: [], [] [], [] [], and []
- While in th epididymus, spermatozoa become [] and capable of []
- Once spermatozoa are produced, they travel through a series of tubes that include the: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
- While in th epididymus, spermatozoa become mature and capable of swimming
Both [] and [] are needed to stimulate the process of spermatogenesis
Both testerone and FSH are needed to stimulate the process of spermatogenesis
- FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce []-[] [] (ABP).
- ABP binds to [] to help maintain high local levels
- Sertoli cell also produce a hormone called [], which exerts [] feedback effects at the anterior pituitary to decrease the release of [] primarily
- FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP).
- ABP binds to testosterone to help maintain high local levels
- Sertoli cell also produce a hormone called inhibin, which exerts negative feedback effects at the anterior pituitary to decrease the release of FSH primarily
Testosterone facilitates [] [] [] feedback effects at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to mainly inhibit [] release
Testosterone facilitates long loop negative feedback effects at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to mainly inhibit LH release
Male hormone functions:
- [] development
- Development of male sexual []
- Development of [] function
- Stimulation of []
- prenatal development
- Development of male sexual characteristics
- Development of sexual function
- Stimulation of anabolism
Male hormones and Prenatal Development
- Testosterone stimulate development with formation of reproductive system [] and descent of []
- [] stimulates development of [] genitalia
- Testosterone stimulate development with formation of reproductive system ducts and descent of testis
- DHT stimulates development of external genitalia
Male hormone stimulate anabolims which means they help stimulate [] synthesis
protein
- FSH - stimulates []
- GnRH - stimulates release of [] and []
- Inhibin - inhibition of mainly [] release
- LH - stimulates secretion of []
- Testosterone -
- inhibits the release of []
- Inhibits the release of mainly []
- Involved in Male [] []
- Stimulates []
- FSH - stimulates spermatogenesis
- GnRH - stimulates release of LH and FSH
- Inhibin - inhibition of mainly FSH release
- LH - stimulates secretion of testosterone
- Testosterone -
- inhibits the release of GnRH
- Inhibits the release of mainly LH
- Involved in Male pattern development
- Stimulates spermatogenesis
