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Dental Physio > Endocrine - Pt 4 Calcium and Male Repro > Flashcards

Endocrine - Pt 4 Calcium and Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Calcium plasma concentrations are carefully monitored and maintained at approximately [] mg/dL

A

Calcium plasma concentrations are carefully monitored and maintained at approximately 10 mg/dL

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2
Q

Parathyroid hormone:

  • Type of hormone: []
  • Site of formation: [] cells (or principle) cells of the parathyroid gland
  • Site of action: []/[]
A
  • Type of hormone: protein
  • Site of formation: Chief cells (or principle) cells of the parathyroid gland
  • Site of action: Bone/Kidney
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3
Q

Calcitonin:

  • Type of hormone: []
  • Site of Formation: [] cells (or C cells) in the thyroid gland
  • Site of Action: []
A
  • Type of hormone: Protein
  • Site of Formation: Parafollicular cells (or C cells) in the thyroid gland
  • Site of Action: Bone
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4
Q

Vitamin D3

  • Type of hormone: []
  • Site of Formation: []/[]
  • Site of Action: []/[]
A
  • Type of hormone: Steroid
  • Site of Formation: Diet/Skin
  • Site of Action: Intestine/Bone
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5
Q
  • Parathyroid hormone is one of the main hormones that control serum levels of [] and []
  • PTH is released from [] cells of the parathryoid gland in response to [] plasma calcium levels
A
  • Parathyroid hormone is one of the main hormones that control serum levels of calcium and phosphate
  • PTH is released from chief cells of the parathryoid gland in response to low plasma calcium levels
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6
Q

Parathyroid Hormone:

  • Stimulates []
  • Inhibits []
  • [] calcium reabsorption in the kidney and [] phosphate reabsorption
A
  • Stimulates osteoclasts
  • Inhibits osteoblasts
  • Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidney and inhibit phosphate reabsorption
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7
Q
  • Calcitonin is released in response to [], and is othen released in a [] state.
  • Calcitonin serves to [] osteoclast activity
A
  • Calcitonin is released in response to hypercalcemia, and is othen released in a postprandial state.
  • Calcitonin serves to inhibit osteoclast activity
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8
Q
  • How does PTH effect phosphate reabsorption?
  • Why do we want to get rid of phosphates and save calcium?
A
  1. It somehow reduces the transport maximum for phosphate reabsorption in the kidney. Therefore, decreasing the amount we save.
  2. We want to get rid of phosphate so it doesnt bind with the calcium we are saving
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9
Q

PTH Overall effects:

  • [] plasma calcium levels
  • [] bone calcium levels
  • [] plasma phosphate levels

Calcitonin Overall effects:

  • [] plama calcium levles
  • [] bone calcium levels
A

PTH Overall effects:

  • Increase plasma calcium levels
  • Decrease bone calcium levels
  • Decrease plasma phosphate levels

Calcitonin Overall effects:

  • Decrease plama calcium levles
  • Increase bone calcium levels
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10
Q

Pre ursors of Vitamin D3 can be formed in the skin from [enzyme] using UV rays

A

Pre ursors of Vitamin D3 can be formed in the skin from 7-dehydocholestrerol using UV rays

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11
Q

Pathway to make active Vitmamin D

  1. UV light + 7-dehydrocholesterol => []
  2. In the liver, cholecalciferol + 25-hydroxylase => []
  3. In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is [], 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 1a-hydroxylase ==> []
A

Pathway to make active Vitmamin D

  1. UV light + 7-dehydrocholesterol => Cholecalciferol
  2. In the liver, cholecalciferol + 25-hydroxylase => 25-OH-Cholecalciferol
  3. In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is low, 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 1a-hydroxylase ==> 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol
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12
Q

Pathway to make inactive Vitmamin D

  1. UV light + [] => Cholecalciferol
  2. In the liver, cholecalciferol + [] => 25-OH-Cholecalciferol
  3. In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is plenty, 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 24-hydroxylase ==> []
A
  1. light + 7-dehydrocholesterol => Cholecalciferol
  2. In the liver, cholecalciferol + 25-hydroxylase => 25-OH-Cholecalciferol
  3. In the Kidneys when Ca2+ is plenty, 25-OH-Cholecalciferol + 24-hydroxylase ==> 24,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol
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13
Q

[], in the liver, converts cholecalciferol into 25-OH-cholecalciferol

A

25-hydroxylase, in the liver, converts cholecalciferol into 25-OH-cholecalciferol

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14
Q

Another name for 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol is [], or active Vitamin D

A

Another name for 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol is calcitriol, or active Vitamin D

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15
Q

The main action of calcitriol is in the [] to [] calcium absorption

A

The main action of calcitriol is in the intestines to increase calcium absorption

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16
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

  • Think an increase in [] and [] too much from bone
  • There is an [] in free plasma Ca2+
  • Possibly [] [] as another side effect
A
  • Think an increase in PTH and removing too much from bone
  • There is an increase in free plasma Ca2+
  • Possibly kidney stones as another side effect
17
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

  1. Think a [] in PTH and removing too [] from bone
  2. Patient would have a [] in free plasma Ca2+
A
  1. Think a decrease in PTH and removing too little from bone
  2. Patient would have a decrease in free plasma Ca2+
18
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

  • Patient sees a [] in bone formation
  • Patient sees a [] in free plasma Ca2+
A
  • Patient sees a decrease in bone formation
  • Patient sees a decrease in free plasma Ca2+
19
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

  • can cause cardiac effects such as [] and []…as well as [] []
  • Muscle weakness comes from a [] neuromuscular excitability - too much [] outside of cells messes with the resting membrane potential
A
  • an cause cardiac effects such as bradycardia and arrhythmias…as well as muscle weakness
  • Muscle weakness comes from a depressed neuromuscular excitability - too much Ca2+ outside of cells messes with the resting membrane potential
20
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

  • In children it coud lead to []
    • characterized by growth [] and skeletal []
  • In adults it could lead to [] or bone softening in which new bone fails to []
A
  • In children it coud lead to rickets
    • characterized by growth failure and skeletal deformities
  • In adults it could lead to osteomalacia or bone softening in which new bone fails to mineralize
21
Q

Osteoporosis

  • involves the loss of both bone [] and [] matrix
  • Increasing common in ederly women after menopause due to the decreased levels of []
A
  • involves the loss of both bone mineral and organic matrix
  • Increasing common in ederly women after menopause due to the decreased levels of estrogen
22
Q

The 4 exocrine secretions of the male reproductive track:

A

Semen/Sperm

Prostate gland secretions

Seminal vesicle secretions

Bulba-urethral secretions

23
Q

Main roles of reproductive hormones:

  1. stimulate the male pattern of development in the [] period
  2. Control sperm production, called []
  3. Promotote male [] sexual characteristics at puberty and into adulthood
  4. increase []
A
  1. stimulate the male pattern of development in the prenatal period
  2. Control sperm production, called spermatogenesis
  3. Promotote male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and into adulthood
  4. increase libido
24
Q

The ideal temperature for spermatogenesis is [] C [] core body temperature

A

The ideal temperature for spermatogenesis is 3-4 C below core body temperature

25
Q

The [] and [] muscles of the scrotum play a vital role in this temperature regulation

A

The cremaster and dartos muscles of the scrotum play a vital role in this temperature regulation

26
Q

Developing spermatozoa are nourished and protected by [] cells

A

sertoli

27
Q

Sertoli Cells form the [] barrier

A

blood-testis

28
Q

The [] cells are responsible for the production of testosterone

A

leydig

29
Q
  • Once spermatozoa are produced, they travel through a series of tubes that include the: [], [] [], [] [], and []
  • While in th epididymus, spermatozoa become [] and capable of []
A
  • Once spermatozoa are produced, they travel through a series of tubes that include the: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
  • While in th epididymus, spermatozoa become mature and capable of swimming
30
Q

Both [] and [] are needed to stimulate the process of spermatogenesis

A

Both testerone and FSH are needed to stimulate the process of spermatogenesis

31
Q
  • FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce []-[] [] (ABP).
  • ABP binds to [] to help maintain high local levels
  • Sertoli cell also produce a hormone called [], which exerts [] feedback effects at the anterior pituitary to decrease the release of [] primarily
A
  • FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP).
  • ABP binds to testosterone to help maintain high local levels
  • Sertoli cell also produce a hormone called inhibin, which exerts negative feedback effects at the anterior pituitary to decrease the release of FSH primarily
32
Q

Testosterone facilitates [] [] [] feedback effects at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to mainly inhibit [] release

A

Testosterone facilitates long loop negative feedback effects at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to mainly inhibit LH release

33
Q

Male hormone functions:

  1. [] development
  2. Development of male sexual []
  3. Development of [] function
  4. Stimulation of []
A
  1. prenatal development
  2. Development of male sexual characteristics
  3. Development of sexual function
  4. Stimulation of anabolism
34
Q

Male hormones and Prenatal Development

  • Testosterone stimulate development with formation of reproductive system [] and descent of []
  • [] stimulates development of [] genitalia
A
  • Testosterone stimulate development with formation of reproductive system ducts and descent of testis
  • DHT stimulates development of external genitalia
35
Q

Male hormone stimulate anabolims which means they help stimulate [] synthesis

A

protein

36
Q
  • FSH - stimulates []
  • GnRH - stimulates release of [] and []
  • Inhibin - inhibition of mainly [] release
  • LH - stimulates secretion of []
  • Testosterone -
    • inhibits the release of []
    • Inhibits the release of mainly []
    • Involved in Male [] []
    • Stimulates []
A
  • FSH - stimulates spermatogenesis
  • GnRH - stimulates release of LH and FSH
  • Inhibin - inhibition of mainly FSH release
  • LH - stimulates secretion of testosterone
  • Testosterone -
    • inhibits the release of GnRH
    • Inhibits the release of mainly LH
    • Involved in Male pattern development
    • Stimulates spermatogenesis

Dental Physio (36 decks)

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