Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
Hemoptysis in a 60 yr old patient who is a smoker is likely a symptom of…..
lung cancer
What is the most common cause of bacterial sinusitis?
S. pneumoniae
What is the most important pathogenic feature that causes sinusitis?
mucosal edema and block of mucous draining
Pain over the cheek upon tapping is most likely a symptom of….
sinusitis
Test to confirm strep throat
rapid strep test
Most common cause of typical community acquired pneumonia
S. pneumoniae
Where is inflammation most localized in typical community acquired pneumonia?
alveoli
Where is inflammation most localized in atypical community acquired pneumonia?
interstitium
Why does Mycobacterium live comfortably in macrophages?
inhibits fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, preventing destruction by lysosomal enzymes
Ghon Complex
caseous necrosis in periphery and hilar lymph nodes
in primary TB
Difference b/t primary and secondary TB
1- airborne, resolves or remains latent
2- originates from a latent primary site
How does TB affect the eye?
causes uveitis or retinitis
What are symptoms of influenza?
high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle/ joint pain, headache, coughing, tired
pain with eye mvmt
Who should get a flu vaccine?
everyone
mandatory after age 65 and in ppl with chronic illness
COPD
progressive, irreversible obstruction to airflow out of lungs
Main cause of COPD
smoking
Mechanism of COPD
chronic inflammation leads to destruction of elastic fibers which keep airways open
bronchioles collapse during exhalation
increases pressure and destroys normal alveolar structure
Asthma
episodic and reversible airway disease of bronchi
Mechanism of Asthma
abnormal bronchiolar mm contraction as reaction to histamine
S1- inhaled allergens come in contact with lung macrophages which triggers IgE production
S2- second exposure IgE react w/ receptor on mastocyte that releases histamine
Most common origin of emboli
deep veins of lower extremities and pelvis
Difference between thrombus and embolus
embolus is a detached thrombus
Pathogenesis of cor pulmonale
increased pressure in pulmonary arteries- increased pressure in R ventricle- ventricle hypertrophies- ventricle decompensates and dilates- R heart failure
Difference between hydrostatic and oncotic pressure
H- pressure blood exerts on blood vessel walls. determined by work of heart and vessel tone
O- pressure plasma proteins create
Where does plasma that leaks through walls of pulmonary capillaries end up?
alveoli- drowning
What causes interstitial fibrosis?
Chronic inflammation
Result of insterstitial fibrosis
lung cannot expand fully
difficulties and decreased breathing
How do pulmonary vessels react to hypoventilation?
contract
Result of hypoventilation
pulmonary hypertension- cor pulmonale- right heart failure
What diagnosis would you expect in a 35 yr old AA woman with uveitis, mild dyspnea, redish skin nodules?
sarcoidosis
What are the earliest symptoms of lung cancer?
cough
weight loss
hemoptysis
What types of lung cancers are there? Which are strongly connected with smoking?
Smoking- small cell carcinoma, squamous cell
non- adenocarcinoma
Oncogene
mutated genes that normally determine cell survival and division
determine uncontrolled cellular division which can cause tumor cells
Suppressor Gene
normally triggers apoptosis
mutation causes cell to become “immortal”- tumor
Horner’s Syndrome
ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
compression and destruction of symp nerves innervating eye
norm from tumor originating from apex of lung
What causes ptosis in Horner’s Syndrome?
Mueller’s Muscle in upper lid is innervated by symp fibers
