Immunopathology Flashcards
Signs of Inflammation
rubor- redness
calor- heat
dolor- pain
tumor- swelling
Primary leukocyte in acute inflammation
neutrophils
Primary leukocyte in chronic inflammation
macrophages and leukocytes
Selectin
influences neutrophil distribution
activates or inactivates neutrophil adhesion molescules
Cellular Adhesion Molecules
attach to neutrophils and stop their movement
IL-8
signals neutrophils to invade area and kill pathogens
Neutrophils produce _____ after their killing spree
exudates
Histamine
causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Anaphylatoxins
cause degranulation of mast cells
Serotonin
causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
made by platelets
Bradykinin
PAIN, vasodilation, leakiness
Thromboxane A2
TXA2
from platelets
causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
Aspirin
prevents platelets from making TXA2
Prostacyclin
PGI2
made by vascular endothelium
causes vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation
Prostaglandin E2
causes pain and fever
Steroids
breaks down phospholipases via PLA-2
stops arachidonic acid pathway
Lipoxygenase (LOX) Pathway
causes vasoconstriction
Cyclooxygenase (COX) Pathway
TXA2, prostaglandin, prostacyclin
IL-6
acute phase reactants
from liver
IL-1 and TNF
initiate PGE2- fever
Acute phase reactants
ferritin, fibrinogen, CRP
Ferritin
iron binder
needed in growing bacterial cells
Fibrinogen
makes RBC sticky
increases ESR
IL-8
PMN chemotaxis
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
complete resolution w/ regeneration
complete resolution w/ scarring
abscess formation
transition to chronic inflammation
Abscess
mostly infections
sterile in brain
Causes of Chronic Inflammation
persistent infections
infections w/ recalcitrant organisms
autoimmune diseases
response to foreign material or malignant tumors
Recalcitrant Organisms
viruses, mycobacteria (TB), parasites, fungi
TB
can replicate in macrophages
ultimately leads to granuloma
Part of eosinophil that is toxic to parasites
major basic protein
Basophils stay in….
blood
Mast Cells stay in….
tissue
Granuloma
epitheliod macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes
Granulomas in TB cause….
central necrosis
Necrosis
uncontrolled cell death
produce exudate- pus- protein and neutrophils
may be aseptic from loss of blood supply
Major processes of necrosis
enzymatic digestion of cell
denaturation of proteins
Coagulative Necrosis
gelatin- keeps shape but internal proteins are denatured
Cause of Coagulative Necrosis
ischemia (aseptic)
infarction
Ischemia in CNS causes…..
Liquefactive Necrosis
Liquefactive Necrosis
infectious
transforming tissue into a liquid- cells digested by hydrolytic enzymes
leaves pus and fluid, forming abscess
Common causes of liquefactive necrosis
bacterial or fungal infections
Caseous Necrosis
cheesy proteinaceous dead cell mass
in TB
Fat Necrosis
death to adipose tissue
small white lesions form
Cause of Fat Necrosis
trauma
Apoptosis and Retina
70% of ganglia cells die during development
