Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
Presence of C Chain
part of insulin production- T2D
GLUT2
transports glucose into B cells
MoA of Insulin
binds to receptor tyrosine kinase
receptors phosphorylate themselves and IRS-1 and GLUT4
Effects of Insulin
decrease glucose, fat, AA in blood
GLUT4
causes glucose to be taken up into cell
Normal Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
70-100
Prediabetic Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
100-125
Diabetic Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
125+
T1D
destruction of B cells- no insulin production
muscle wasting
lifelong insulin therapy
T2D
loss of insulin sensitivity from chronic high levels of glucose
Metformin
T3/T4
bone growth CNS maturation increase heat production increase metabolism increase CO
Hyperthyroidism
too much T3/T4 weight loss w/ increased appetite heat intolerance exophthalmos goiter
Treating Hyperthyroidism
remove tumor
Example of Hyperthyroidism
Grave’s Disease
Hypothyroidism
not enough T3/T4 weight gain cold intolerance mental slowness myxedema
Treatment for Hypothyroidism
T3/T4
Iodine
Examples of Hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s- developed country
Iodine Deficiency- underdeveloped
Cretinism
congenital hypothyroidism
physical and mental dvlpment abnormalities
growth inhibited
protruding tongue
Cause of Cretinism
low iodine ingestion by mother
Goiter
enlarged thyroid gland
from too much iodine
can lead to thyroid tumors
PTH
raise blood calcium levels by dissolving bone
increase phosphate excretion and calcium reabsorption at kidneys
activates Vit D
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
tumor
hypercalcemia, weak bones
hypophosphatemia
kidney stones, constipation
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
renal failure
Vit D not activated
initial hypocalcemia until bones dissolved to compensate
Hypoparathyroidism
thyroid removal
hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
