Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death Flashcards
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
Free radical formation
hypoxia
disruption of intracellular Ca homeostasis
membrane damage
Free Radical
chemicals that have a single unpaired electron
Free Radical Injury
damage cell membranes by lipid peroxidation
oxidative modification of proteins
damage nucleic acid
Free Radicals in Diabetes
glucose become oxidized, causing…
consumption of antioxidants
pancreatic B cell undergo oxidative stress
proteins oxidatively modified
Protein Modification in diabetes due to free radical damage
Immunological- triggers systemic inflammation
Structural
Fat Soluble Vitamins
D, A, K, E
Most toxic fat soluble vitamins
A, D
Hypoxia
depletion of ATP to <5-10% of normal levels
Hypoxia Effects
decrease NA/K Pump
decrease protein synthesis
increase lactic acid
Increase in Ca activates….
ATPase Phosphatase Protease Endonuclease seriouse cell damage if all active
Mechanisms leading to membrane damage
increased cytosolic Ca
cytoskeletal damage
reactive oxygen species
Irreversible Responses to Cell Injury
Cell Death
Neoplasia- cancer
Hypertrophy
change in cell size
Hyperplasia
change in cell number
Metaplasia
change in cell type
one mature cell type to another
Dysplasia
abnormal cells
can become cancerous
Atrophy
cell shinkage
Causes of Atrophy
lack of use
loss of inn or blood supply
lack of nutrition
aging
Cause of Hypertrophy
increased use or hormonal stimulation
Physiologic Hyperplasia
CT during wound healing
uterus and breast growth during pregnancy
Pathologic Hyperplasia
benign prostatic hyperplasia
HPV
can cause neoplasia
most clear themselves
Endogenous Products
normal body substances in abnormally large amounts
Exogenous Products
Environmental agents and pigments
Xanthoma
cholesterol buildup
yellow-white bumps on skin in corner of eyelids
Billirubin
endogenous
causes yellow sclera
cleared in a healthy liver
Hepatitis
liver inflammation
increase of billirubin
causes jaundice
decrease in protein production
Can induce hepatitis
acetaminophen/ tylenol
Kayser- Fleischer Rings
sign of Wilson’s Disease
copper buildup
coloration of Descemet’s
Argyria
too much silver salts- exogenous
turns skin blue
Dystrophic Calcification
calcium deposits in dead or dying tissue
frequent cause of organ dysfunction
Necrosis
chaotic lysing of dead cells w/in living tissue
swell and rupture
huge inflammatory response
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
no inflammatory response
cell shrinks and blebs
Sequence of Necrosis
membrane damage
cell and organelles swell
inflammatory response
Exudates
inflamed vessels (from necrosis) leak fluid making pus very high levels of protein- Cloudy
Transudate
fluid is pushed through capillaries due to high pressures
very low protein levels- Clear
Granulomas
dead material and macrophages at center; surrounded by lymphocytes
chronic inflammation
Immunological cells found in chronic inflammation
lymphocytes and macrophages
