Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
Collateral connections between air spaces through which infections and neoplastic cells can spread
Pores of Kohn
Most common cause of lung abscess
Aspiration
Complications of lung abscess
- empyema
- pulmonary hemorrhage
- secondary amyloidosis
Complications of atypical pneumonia
- superimposed bacterial infections
- Reye syndrome
What is the Simon focus?
Granuloma at the lung apex in secondary pulmonary TB
What is the Ghon complex?
- Ghon focus (subpleural caseous granuloma) + hilar lymph nodes with granulomas
Which diseases may you suspect if you see an apical lung lesion at chest X-ray?
- secondary pulmonary TB
- fungus ball
- pan-host tumor: Horner syndrome
Serum test to suspect sarcoidosis? Findings at chest x-rays?
- serum ACE
- bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
Which are the types of emphysema? Factor associated
- Centriacinar: smoke, pollution
- Panacinar: alfa-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Twisted mucus plugs admixed with sloughed epithelium, in what pathology do you see it?
- Curschmann spirals
- asthma sputum cytology
What are the Charcot-Leyden crystals?
Seen at sputum cytology in asthma, composed by eosinophil membrane protein
Complications of oxygen treatment in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
- bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- retrolental fibroplasia (retinopathy of prematurity)
Type of asbestos associated with mesothelioma
Amphibole asbestos
Most common tumor in asbestos exposed individuals
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Type of pneumoconiosis which pathology findings show noncaseating granulomas and fibrosis, hilar lymph node granulomas and systemic granulomas
Berylliosis
Common genetic mutations in bronchogenic carcinoma
- L-myc: small cell carcinoma
- K-ras: adenocarcinoma
- p53 and retinoblastoma
Uses of Erlotinib (Tarceva). Mechanism of action.
- Tx non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, other types which prior chemotherapy failed
- tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with squamous cell carcinoma
Hypercalcemia secondary to PTH secretion
In case of peripheral mass in the lung (seen by chest x-ray or other) what entities you should think and how do you differentiate them?
- adenocarcinoma: Bx ▶️ EM: microvilli short and blunted
- mesothelioma: Bx ▶️ EM: microvilli long and thin
Immunohistochemical stain for small-cell lung carcinoma
Chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin
Most common cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase in a asymptomatic individual older than 40
Paget disease
Most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism
- structural lesions of the thyroid or pituitary
- hormone synthesis defects
- maternal intake of radioidine during pregnancy
