Central Nervous System Pathology

Question 1

Changes in brain caused by herpes simplex type 1 encephalitis

Answer 1

Hemorrhagic necrosis of temporal lobes

Question 2

Changed in brain caused by rabies virus encephalitis

Answer 2

Negri bodies in hippocampal and purkinje neurons

Question 3

What type of encephalitis is caused by JC virus?

Answer 3

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Question 4

Name four cerebral pathological changes that occurred in CJD? Which is the prion responsible of these changes?

Answer 4

• fine vacuolization of neuropil, neuronal loss, astroglyosis, kuru plaques
• PrPsc

Question 5

What type of infection can cause an intracerebral hemorrhage? What is the mechanism?

Answer 5

• aspergillus and mucor

- vasculitis

Question 6

What type of cerebrovascular disease present watershed areas?

Answer 6

Global cerebral ischemia

Question 7

How much time should pass to find liquefactive necrosis at cerebral infarction?

Answer 7

2-3 weeks

Question 8

What microscopy change do you expect to find 24-48 hours after cerebral infarction?

Answer 8

Neutrophilic infiltration

Question 9

Finding in pathology of remote contusion

Answer 9

“Plaque jaune”

Question 10

Advance stage of transtentorial herniation can cause

Answer 10

Duret hemorrhage (central pons and midbrain)

Question 11

What structure may compress a subfalcine herniation?

Answer 11

Anterior cerebral artery

Question 12

What structure may a transtentorial herniation compress? And clinical features?

Answer 12

III CN

mydriasis, infarctions

Question 13

What structure may a cerebellar tonsillar herniation compress?

Answer 13

Medulla ▶️ cardio respiratory arrest

Question 14

Syringomyelia is associated in 90% of cases with what other malformation?

Answer 14

Arnold-chiari type 2

*others associations: post-traumatic and intraspinal tumors

Question 15

Most common cause of cerebral palsy

Answer 15

Perinatal brain injury

Question 16

How long take a recovery from an episode of demyelination?

Answer 16

Weeks or months

Question 17

Typical finding in acute lesion of multiple sclerosis in pathology

Answer 17

• Well-delimitating gray plaque with loss of myelin (gross)
• macrophages phagocytosis (micro)

*axons preserved

Question 18

Genetic causes of Alzheimer disease

Answer 18

• amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) (21) ▶️ Down syndrome
• presenillin-1 (14), presenillin-2 (1) ▶️ early onset
• apolipoprotein E (E4) ▶️ late onset

Question 19

Two most common finding in histopathology of the Alzheimer disease, what abnormal protein agree with each finding?

Answer 19

• neuritic plaque ▶️ ABeta amyloid

- nuerofibrillary tangle ▶️ tau

Question 20

Gene mutated in Friedreich ataxia, and what is its function?

Answer 20

Frataxin gene ▶️ protein helps with mitochondrial iron regulation

Question 21

Characteristic histopathological feature of Glioblastoma multiforme

Answer 21

Pseudopalisading necrosis

Glomeruloid formations

Question 22

Astrocytomas show immunodeactivity to which protein?

Answer 22

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

Question 23

Typical histopathological findings on ependymoma

Answer 23

Ependymal rosettes

Perivascular pseudorosettes

Question 24

Histopathological findings in oligodendroglioma

Answer 24

“Fried egg” appearance cells

“Chicken-wire” pattern (capillary networks)

Question 25

Histopathological finding of Meningioma

Answer 25

Syncytial organization

Psammoma bodies

Question 26

Histopathological finding of medulloblastoma

Answer 26

Blue, small, round cell tumors

Pseudorosettes

Question 27

Bilateral acoustic Schwannomas are pathognomonic of

Answer 27

Neurofibrimatosis type 2

Question 28

Histopathological finding of a Schwannoma

Answer 28

Hypercellular Antoni A areas/hypocellular Antoni B areas

Verocay bodies

Question 29

Schwannoma is Immunodeactive for which protein

Answer 29

S-100