RESPIRATORY 5 Flashcards
respiratory control system includes 3 basic elements
sensor
central controller
effector
sensor is divided into 2
C,M
chemical
mechanical
automatic control is divided into 3 centers
M,P,A
medullary
pneumotaxic
apneustic
medullary center
main control of breathing
everyday activity is automatically controlled by the _____________________
dorsal respiratory group
medullary center
only active with exercise and forced expiration
ventral respiratory group
pontine center
located in the nucleus parabrachialis
controls the switch off point of the inspiratory group
increases respiratory rate, limits duration of inspiration
pneumotaxic center
pontine center
located in the lower pons
controls the switch off point of the inspiratory ramp signal
decreases respiratory rate, increases duration of inspiration
apneustic center
located in the cerebral cortex and sends impulses to the respiratory motor neurons via the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts
voluntary control
effectors
muscles of respiration:
diaphragm
intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid)
also known as medullary chemoreceptors
activated by an increase in pCO2 and H+ concentration
not affected by hypoxemia
centra;l chemoreceptor system
involves the aortic and carotid bodies
activated by
increase pCO2, H+ concentration, decrease pO2
peripheral chemoreceptor system
mechanical receptor
located in the smooth muscle airways
stimulated by overdistention of the lungs
lung stretch receptor
mechanical receptor
located in the airway epithelial cells and carina
stimulation results to coughing and sneezing
irritant receptors
mechanical receptor
located in the alveoli close to the capillaries
stimulated by engorgement of pulmonary capillaries
juxtacapillary receptors
mechanical receptor
activated by muscular contraction
involved in early stimulation during exercise
joint and muscle receptors
acute responses on high altitude
in hypoxemia alveolar PO2 _______ at high altitude due to decrease in barometric pressure
decrease
abnormal patterns of breathing
characterized by periods of hyperventilation alternating with periods of apnea
pattern of breathing: apnea then hyperventilation
cheyne-strokes breathing
abnormal patterns of breathing
characterized by prolonged periods of apnea interrupting normal breathing cycle
pattern of breathing: apnea then normal quiet breathing
biot’s breathing
abnormal patterns of breathing
deep, faster, and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis particularly diabetic ketoacidoses (DKA)
Kussmaul breathing
clinical abnormalities in breathing
during sleep there is a normal tendency to relax
inspiration tends to collapse the upper airway due to negative pressure
sleep apnea
clinical abnormalities in breathing
muscles of the upper airway are depressed during sleep more than the diaphragm causes upper airway to close during inspiration
occurs to obese and overweight patients
obstructive sleep apnea
clinical abnormalities in breathing
genetic abnormality that may be caused by trauma, space occupying lesion or stroke that damages the automatic center of the brain
central alveolar hypoventilation
