RESPIRATORY 5

Question 1

respiratory control system includes 3 basic elements

Answer 1

sensor
central controller
effector

Question 2

sensor is divided into 2

C,M

Answer 2

chemical
mechanical

Question 3

automatic control is divided into 3 centers

M,P,A

Answer 3

medullary
pneumotaxic
apneustic

Question 4

medullary center

main control of breathing
everyday activity is automatically controlled by the _____________________

Answer 4

dorsal respiratory group

Question 5

medullary center
only active with exercise and forced expiration

Answer 5

ventral respiratory group

Question 6

pontine center

located in the nucleus parabrachialis
controls the switch off point of the inspiratory group
increases respiratory rate, limits duration of inspiration

Answer 6

pneumotaxic center

Question 7

pontine center

located in the lower pons
controls the switch off point of the inspiratory ramp signal
decreases respiratory rate, increases duration of inspiration

Answer 7

apneustic center

Question 8

located in the cerebral cortex and sends impulses to the respiratory motor neurons via the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

Answer 8

voluntary control

Question 9

effectors

muscles of respiration:

Answer 9

diaphragm
intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid)

Question 10

also known as medullary chemoreceptors
activated by an increase in pCO2 and H+ concentration
not affected by hypoxemia

Answer 10

centra;l chemoreceptor system

Question 11

involves the aortic and carotid bodies

activated by
increase pCO2, H+ concentration, decrease pO2

Answer 11

peripheral chemoreceptor system

Question 12

mechanical receptor

located in the smooth muscle airways
stimulated by overdistention of the lungs

Answer 12

lung stretch receptor

Question 13

mechanical receptor

located in the airway epithelial cells and carina
stimulation results to coughing and sneezing

Answer 13

irritant receptors

Question 14

mechanical receptor

located in the alveoli close to the capillaries
stimulated by engorgement of pulmonary capillaries

Answer 14

juxtacapillary receptors

Question 15

mechanical receptor

activated by muscular contraction
involved in early stimulation during exercise

Answer 15

joint and muscle receptors

Question 16

acute responses on high altitude

in hypoxemia alveolar PO2 _______ at high altitude due to decrease in barometric pressure

Answer 16

decrease

Question 17

abnormal patterns of breathing

characterized by periods of hyperventilation alternating with periods of apnea

pattern of breathing: apnea then hyperventilation

Answer 17

cheyne-strokes breathing

Question 18

abnormal patterns of breathing

characterized by prolonged periods of apnea interrupting normal breathing cycle

pattern of breathing: apnea then normal quiet breathing

Answer 18

biot’s breathing

Question 19

abnormal patterns of breathing

deep, faster, and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis particularly diabetic ketoacidoses (DKA)

Answer 19

Kussmaul breathing

Question 20

clinical abnormalities in breathing

during sleep there is a normal tendency to relax
inspiration tends to collapse the upper airway due to negative pressure

Answer 20

sleep apnea

Question 21

clinical abnormalities in breathing

muscles of the upper airway are depressed during sleep more than the diaphragm causes upper airway to close during inspiration

occurs to obese and overweight patients

Answer 21

obstructive sleep apnea

Question 22

clinical abnormalities in breathing

genetic abnormality that may be caused by trauma, space occupying lesion or stroke that damages the automatic center of the brain

Answer 22

central alveolar hypoventilation