RESPIRATORY 1 Flashcards
exchange of O2 and CO2 between environment and the respiratory system
gas exchange
converted to angiotensin II by ACE
Angiotensin I
alters or decreases the surface tension
produced in lungs
surfactant
prevents possible thromboembolism
fibrinolytic system
major function is to condition the inspired air (body temp. and fully humidified)
upper airways
air spaces that help lighten the skull
sinuses
helps patency of trachea
holds structure of trachea
C Cartilage
prevents aspiration of food particles when you swallow into the lower airways
larynx
the larynx is governed by ______ muscles of laryngeal area
abductor
bifurcation area
contains a lot of irritant receptors
Carina
volume of air in the conducting airways is termed as ______
dead space volume
involved in gas exchanged
includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
respiratory zone/unit
characterized by airflow limitation because of narrowing of the airway that may be due to bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, or smooth muscle hypertrophy
obstructive pulmonary diseases
lines the respiratory tract to bronchioles
propels mucus and waste materials towards the pharynx for expectoration
ciliated cells
Surface Secretory Cells
Goblet Cells
alveolar macrophages
phagocytize inhaled particles and bacteria
dust cells
thin squamous epithelial cells
forms 90% of alveolar surface where gas exchange occurs
alveolar cells type I
round to cubed shaped secretory cells
produces surfactant
help reduce surface tension and regenerative capacity
alveolar cells type II
where actual gas exchange takes place
where gas will diffuse to the respiratory membrane and enter the blood capillaries
respiratory membrane
main component of surfactant
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
formation and metabolism of surfactant involves ______ which are formed in Type II Alveolar cells
lamellar bodies
The smallest arteries divide into arterioles and then into pulmonary capillaries, which
form dense networks __________ around the alveoli
capillary baskets
on standing blood flow is lowest at the ____ of the lungs and highest at the ____
apex
base
in fetuses, pulmonary circulation has a ___________ because the lungs are partially collapsed
higher vascular resistance
Activation of B2 Adrenergic Receptors leads to __________; ↑ bronchial secretion
_________ control
bronchodilation
sympathetic control
Activation of Muscarinic Receptors ——> _________
_________ control
bronchoconstriction
parasympathetic control
An autosomal recessive disorder in which dynein is missing in cilia and, in males, the flagella of the sperm
Kartagener’s syndrome
sneeze reflex
function to dislodge foreign substances from nasal cavity
Afferent impulses pass in CN ________to the medulla
V, five
coughing reflex
Afferent impulses pass in CN ____to the medulla
Dislodge irritants at carina area
X, ten
Work required to expand the lungs against its elastic forces
Compliance Work (Elastic Work)
Work required to overcome airway resistance during air movement into the lungs
Airway Resistance Work
Also called Intra-Pulmonary Pressure
Pressure in the alveolar cell
Intra-Alveolar Pressure
Pressure in the intrapleural space
Pressure is negative due to the opposing forces of the lungs
trying to collapse and the chest wall trying to expand
Intrapleural Pressure
Pressure difference across the wall of the lungs
Keeps the lungs against the chest wall and prevents collapse
Transpulmonary Pressure
Relationship between the pressure and
volume of gases
As a volume of a chamber increases, gas pressure within it
decreases (air goes in)
Boyle’s Law
Distensibility (Stretchability)
Ease with which the lungs can expand/open
Inversely correlated with elasticity
Compliance
Tendency of the lungs to return to its initial size after distention (usual position: collapsed)
Lungs has high content of elastin proteins
Elasticity
Volume of gas inspired or expired in a unforced breathing cycle
Tidal Volume
Maximum volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to Tidal Volume
inspiratory reserve volume
Maximum volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to Tidal Volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Maximum volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration
Residual Volume
Total amount of gas in lungs after a maximum inspiration
Total Lung Capacity
Total amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
Vital Capacity
Maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration
Inspiratory Capacity
Amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
Functional Residual Capacity
Total amount of air entering or leaving the lungs each minute
minute ventilation
Volume of air that enters the alveoli each minute
Alveolar Ventilation
0 (if all cells are functioning)
Is the volume of the conducting airways
Is normally approximately 150 mL
Anatomic dead space
