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PHYSIOLOGY > RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 1 > Flashcards

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the kidney regulates

(3 things LOL)

A

1.) body fluid osmolality volumes
2.) electrolyte balance
3.) acid-base balance

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2
Q

waste products of kidneys include

U,U,C,HM

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine
end products of hemoglobin metabolism (bilirubin)

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3
Q

kindneys are important endocrine organs that produce and secrete

R,C,E

A

renin
calcitriol
erythropoietin

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4
Q

internal structure of the kidney

contains all glomeruli

A

cortex

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5
Q

internal structure of the kidney

contains all collecting ducts

A

medulla

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6
Q

internal structure of the kidney

the medulla in the human kidney is divided into conical masses called __________

A

renal pyramids

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7
Q

internal structure of the kidney

located at the tip of the renal pyramid
drains/project to the minor calyx

A

papilla

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8
Q

internal structure of the kidney

act as a collecting cup of the urine that is formed

A

minor calyx

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9
Q

internal structure of the kidney

where minor calyx projects, drains to the renal pelvis

A

major calyx

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10
Q

internal structure of the kidney

upper expanded portion of the kidney

A

renal pelvis

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11
Q

flow of urine

P-P-C-C-P-U-U-U

A

renal pyramid
renal papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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12
Q

type of capillary bed

high pressure capillary bed
CHP= 60 mmHg
Favors fluid filtration

A

glomerular capillaries

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13
Q

type of capillary bed

low pressure capillary bed
CHP = 18 mmHg
favors fluid reabsorption
surrounds renal tubules

A

peritubular capillaries

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14
Q

basic unit of renal structure and function
structural unit of the kidneys
one million each kidney

A

nephron

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15
Q

contains the glomerulus enveloped by Bowman’s capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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16
Q

long tube in the nephron

A

renal tubule

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17
Q

lining of bowman’s capsule

___________ form parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
___________ form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

squamous epithelial cells
podocytes

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18
Q

___________ supplies the glomerulus and drained by ____________, both of these arterioles penetrate the vascular pole

A

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

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19
Q

segment of the renal tubule

has a coiled and straight segment
lies in the cortex

A

proximal tubule

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20
Q

segment of the renal tubule

divide into
-thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb

A

loop of henle

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21
Q

segment of the renal tubule

located at the end of thick ascending limb of LoH found at the angle formed between the afferent and efferent arteriles

specialized cells
involved in control

A

macula densa

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22
Q

segment of the renal tubule

divided into early distal tubule, late distal tubule

A

distal tubule

23
Q

segment of the renal tubule
divided into cortical collecting duct
and medullary collecting duct

A

collecting duct

24
Q

histology of each segment of renal tubule

proximal tubular epithelial cell
allows active transport and reabsorption of solutes
extensive microvilli/brush borders in the apical membrane

A

proximal tubule

25
Q

histology of each segment of renal tubule
LOOP OF HENLE
_____ & _________is a poorly developed apical and basolateral membrane
______________ is highly permeable to water but not to solutes
______________ allows passive reabsorption of solutes but impermeable to water

A

thin ascending & descending limb
thin ascending limb
thin descending

26
Q

histology of each segment of renal tubule
LOOP OF HENLE

highly invaginated
numerous mitochondria = high transport capacity
together with early distal tubule there is active reabsorption of solutes

A

thick ascending limb

27
Q

early distal tubule is impermeable to _________

A

water

28
Q

late distal tubule has two types of cells

______ cells are highly invaginated; few mitochondria, site of sodium and chloride reabsorption while potassium is secreted; influenced by aldosterone

______ cells have higher density of mitochondria, site of active secretion of hydrogen, and involved in regulation of acid-base balance

A

principal cells
intercalated cells

29
Q

histology of each segment of renal tubule

poorly developed apical and basolateral membrane
few mitochondria = allows passive reabsorption (particularly urea, it is passively reabsorbed)

A

inner medullary collecting ducts

30
Q

renal corpuscles in the cortical nephron are located in the _________

A

outer region of the cortex

31
Q

renal corpuscles in the juxtamedullary nephron are located at the junction between the ________

A

cortex and medulla

32
Q

the juxtamedullary nephron is supplied by the __________ & __________

A

vasa recta and peritubular capillaries

33
Q

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier from inner to outer

CE, BM, P

A

glomerular capillary endothelium
glomerular basement membrane
epithelial layer of podocytes

34
Q

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier

lined by proteoglycans which are negatively charged thus restricts passage of large anionic molecules

restricts passage of blood cells

A

glomerular capillary endothelium

35
Q

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier

porous matrix of proteins including type IV collagen, laminin, and proteoglycans
negatively charged restricts passage of large anionic proteins
“charged selective filter”

A

glomerular basement membrane

36
Q

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier

foot processes
filtration slits
acts as a sift (huling pansala)

A

epithelial layer of podocytes

37
Q

loss of normal podocyte structure
thinning of foot processes = increase permeability of glomerular capillary to proteins

A

nephrotic syndrome

38
Q

which is the principal size selective barrier?

A

podocyte filtration slits

39
Q

which is the principal charge selective barrier?

A

glomerular basement membrane

40
Q

the juxtoglomerular apparatus contains 3 cells that are involved in tubuloglomerular feedback

L, M, JG

A

lacis cells
macula desa
granular cells

41
Q

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

mesangial cells that lie outside of the glomerulus, as extraglomerular mesangial cells; it serves as a link in the macula densa and granular cells

A

lacis cells

42
Q

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

specialized cells found at the thick ascending limb; functions as salt detector

A

macula densa

43
Q

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

cells located in the efferent arteriole, differentiated smooth muscle cells that function to synthesize renin

A

JG cells/ granular cells

44
Q

high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries = fluid _________

A

fluid filtration

45
Q

low hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries = fluid _________

A

fluid reabsorption

46
Q

_____ afferent arteriolar resistance (constricted), will cause a ____ RBF

A

increase, descrease

47
Q

kidneys are capable to regulate to mantain a constant level of RBF

A

autoregulation

48
Q

in the cellular mechanism behind the tubuloglomerular feedback

the stimulus is a _____ concentration of filtered Na and Cl which will be sensed by the macula densa

A

increased

49
Q

MYOGENIC MECHANISM

___ ABP -> renal afferent arteriole stretches and contracts -> vasoconstriction -> ___ renal arteriolar resistance offsets the ____ in ABP –> renal blood flow and GFR remains constant

A

increase
increase
increase

50
Q

TUBULOGLOMERULAR MECHANISM

NaCl dependent mechanism; involves feedback loop –> _____ GFR —-> _____ NaCl (sensed by macula densa) in the tubular fluid from TAL to distal tubule —-> ____ ATP and Adenosine —-> arteriolar vasoconstriction –> ____ glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure —> _____ renal blood flow and GFR

A

increase
increase
increase
decrease
decrease

51
Q

VASOCONSTRICTORS

S, A, E

A

sympathetic nerves (epi and nore)
angiotensin II
endothelin

52
Q

VASODILATORS

P,N,B

A

prostaglandins
bradykinin
natriuretic peptide

53
Q

renal clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma required to supply the amount of (S) excreted in the urine during a given period of time

A

clearance principle

54
Q

renal innervation is exclusively innervated by __________ nervous system
renal nerves via _______ fibers

A

sympathetic nervous system
adrenergic fibers

PHYSIOLOGY (33 decks)

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