RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 1 Flashcards
the kidney regulates
(3 things LOL)
1.) body fluid osmolality volumes
2.) electrolyte balance
3.) acid-base balance
waste products of kidneys include
U,U,C,HM
urea
uric acid
creatinine
end products of hemoglobin metabolism (bilirubin)
kindneys are important endocrine organs that produce and secrete
R,C,E
renin
calcitriol
erythropoietin
internal structure of the kidney
contains all glomeruli
cortex
internal structure of the kidney
contains all collecting ducts
medulla
internal structure of the kidney
the medulla in the human kidney is divided into conical masses called __________
renal pyramids
internal structure of the kidney
located at the tip of the renal pyramid
drains/project to the minor calyx
papilla
internal structure of the kidney
act as a collecting cup of the urine that is formed
minor calyx
internal structure of the kidney
where minor calyx projects, drains to the renal pelvis
major calyx
internal structure of the kidney
upper expanded portion of the kidney
renal pelvis
flow of urine
P-P-C-C-P-U-U-U
renal pyramid
renal papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
type of capillary bed
high pressure capillary bed
CHP= 60 mmHg
Favors fluid filtration
glomerular capillaries
type of capillary bed
low pressure capillary bed
CHP = 18 mmHg
favors fluid reabsorption
surrounds renal tubules
peritubular capillaries
basic unit of renal structure and function
structural unit of the kidneys
one million each kidney
nephron
contains the glomerulus enveloped by Bowman’s capsule
renal corpuscle
long tube in the nephron
renal tubule
lining of bowman’s capsule
___________ form parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
___________ form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
squamous epithelial cells
podocytes
___________ supplies the glomerulus and drained by ____________, both of these arterioles penetrate the vascular pole
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
segment of the renal tubule
has a coiled and straight segment
lies in the cortex
proximal tubule
segment of the renal tubule
divide into
-thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb
loop of henle
segment of the renal tubule
located at the end of thick ascending limb of LoH found at the angle formed between the afferent and efferent arteriles
specialized cells
involved in control
macula densa
segment of the renal tubule
divided into early distal tubule, late distal tubule
distal tubule
segment of the renal tubule
divided into cortical collecting duct
and medullary collecting duct
collecting duct
histology of each segment of renal tubule
proximal tubular epithelial cell
allows active transport and reabsorption of solutes
extensive microvilli/brush borders in the apical membrane
proximal tubule
histology of each segment of renal tubule
LOOP OF HENLE
_____ & _________is a poorly developed apical and basolateral membrane
______________ is highly permeable to water but not to solutes
______________ allows passive reabsorption of solutes but impermeable to water
thin ascending & descending limb
thin ascending limb
thin descending
histology of each segment of renal tubule
LOOP OF HENLE
highly invaginated
numerous mitochondria = high transport capacity
together with early distal tubule there is active reabsorption of solutes
thick ascending limb
early distal tubule is impermeable to _________
water
late distal tubule has two types of cells
______ cells are highly invaginated; few mitochondria, site of sodium and chloride reabsorption while potassium is secreted; influenced by aldosterone
______ cells have higher density of mitochondria, site of active secretion of hydrogen, and involved in regulation of acid-base balance
principal cells
intercalated cells
histology of each segment of renal tubule
poorly developed apical and basolateral membrane
few mitochondria = allows passive reabsorption (particularly urea, it is passively reabsorbed)
inner medullary collecting ducts
renal corpuscles in the cortical nephron are located in the _________
outer region of the cortex
renal corpuscles in the juxtamedullary nephron are located at the junction between the ________
cortex and medulla
the juxtamedullary nephron is supplied by the __________ & __________
vasa recta and peritubular capillaries
glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier from inner to outer
CE, BM, P
glomerular capillary endothelium
glomerular basement membrane
epithelial layer of podocytes
glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier
lined by proteoglycans which are negatively charged thus restricts passage of large anionic molecules
restricts passage of blood cells
glomerular capillary endothelium
glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier
porous matrix of proteins including type IV collagen, laminin, and proteoglycans
negatively charged restricts passage of large anionic proteins
“charged selective filter”
glomerular basement membrane
glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier
foot processes
filtration slits
acts as a sift (huling pansala)
epithelial layer of podocytes
loss of normal podocyte structure
thinning of foot processes = increase permeability of glomerular capillary to proteins
nephrotic syndrome
which is the principal size selective barrier?
podocyte filtration slits
which is the principal charge selective barrier?
glomerular basement membrane
the juxtoglomerular apparatus contains 3 cells that are involved in tubuloglomerular feedback
L, M, JG
lacis cells
macula desa
granular cells
cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
mesangial cells that lie outside of the glomerulus, as extraglomerular mesangial cells; it serves as a link in the macula densa and granular cells
lacis cells
cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
specialized cells found at the thick ascending limb; functions as salt detector
macula densa
cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
cells located in the efferent arteriole, differentiated smooth muscle cells that function to synthesize renin
JG cells/ granular cells
high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries = fluid _________
fluid filtration
low hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries = fluid _________
fluid reabsorption
_____ afferent arteriolar resistance (constricted), will cause a ____ RBF
increase, descrease
kidneys are capable to regulate to mantain a constant level of RBF
autoregulation
in the cellular mechanism behind the tubuloglomerular feedback
the stimulus is a _____ concentration of filtered Na and Cl which will be sensed by the macula densa
increased
MYOGENIC MECHANISM
___ ABP -> renal afferent arteriole stretches and contracts -> vasoconstriction -> ___ renal arteriolar resistance offsets the ____ in ABP –> renal blood flow and GFR remains constant
increase
increase
increase
TUBULOGLOMERULAR MECHANISM
NaCl dependent mechanism; involves feedback loop –> _____ GFR —-> _____ NaCl (sensed by macula densa) in the tubular fluid from TAL to distal tubule —-> ____ ATP and Adenosine —-> arteriolar vasoconstriction –> ____ glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure —> _____ renal blood flow and GFR
increase
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
VASOCONSTRICTORS
S, A, E
sympathetic nerves (epi and nore)
angiotensin II
endothelin
VASODILATORS
P,N,B
prostaglandins
bradykinin
natriuretic peptide
renal clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma required to supply the amount of (S) excreted in the urine during a given period of time
clearance principle
renal innervation is exclusively innervated by __________ nervous system
renal nerves via _______ fibers
sympathetic nervous system
adrenergic fibers
