RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 1 Flashcards by Miguel Braganza

Q

the kidney regulates

(3 things LOL)

A

1.) body fluid osmolality volumes
2.) electrolyte balance
3.) acid-base balance

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Q

waste products of kidneys include

U,U,C,HM

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine
end products of hemoglobin metabolism (bilirubin)

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Q

kindneys are important endocrine organs that produce and secrete

R,C,E

A

renin
calcitriol
erythropoietin

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Q

internal structure of the kidney

contains all glomeruli

A

cortex

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Q

internal structure of the kidney

contains all collecting ducts

A

medulla

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Q

internal structure of the kidney

the medulla in the human kidney is divided into conical masses called __________

A

renal pyramids

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Q

internal structure of the kidney

located at the tip of the renal pyramid
drains/project to the minor calyx

A

papilla

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Q

internal structure of the kidney

act as a collecting cup of the urine that is formed

A

minor calyx

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Q

internal structure of the kidney

where minor calyx projects, drains to the renal pelvis

A

major calyx

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Q

internal structure of the kidney

upper expanded portion of the kidney

A

renal pelvis

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Q

flow of urine

P-P-C-C-P-U-U-U

A

renal pyramid
renal papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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Q

type of capillary bed

high pressure capillary bed
CHP= 60 mmHg
Favors fluid filtration

A

glomerular capillaries

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Q

type of capillary bed

low pressure capillary bed
CHP = 18 mmHg
favors fluid reabsorption
surrounds renal tubules

A

peritubular capillaries

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Q

basic unit of renal structure and function
structural unit of the kidneys
one million each kidney

A

nephron

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Q

contains the glomerulus enveloped by Bowman’s capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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Q

long tube in the nephron

A

renal tubule

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Q

lining of bowman’s capsule

___________ form parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
___________ form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

squamous epithelial cells
podocytes

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Q

___________ supplies the glomerulus and drained by ____________, both of these arterioles penetrate the vascular pole

A

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

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Q

segment of the renal tubule

has a coiled and straight segment
lies in the cortex

A

proximal tubule

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Q

segment of the renal tubule

divide into
-thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb

A

loop of henle

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Q

segment of the renal tubule

located at the end of thick ascending limb of LoH found at the angle formed between the afferent and efferent arteriles

specialized cells
involved in control

A

macula densa

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Q

segment of the renal tubule

divided into early distal tubule, late distal tubule

A

distal tubule

Q

segment of the renal tubule
divided into cortical collecting duct
and medullary collecting duct

A

collecting duct

Q

histology of each segment of renal tubule

proximal tubular epithelial cell
allows active transport and reabsorption of solutes
extensive microvilli/brush borders in the apical membrane

A

proximal tubule

histology of each segment of renal tubule LOOP OF HENLE _____ & _________is a poorly developed apical and basolateral membrane ______________ is highly permeable to water but not to solutes ______________ allows passive reabsorption of solutes but impermeable to water

thin ascending & descending limb thin ascending limb thin descending

histology of each segment of renal tubule LOOP OF HENLE highly invaginated numerous mitochondria = high transport capacity together with early distal tubule there is active reabsorption of solutes

thick ascending limb

early distal tubule is impermeable to _________

water

late distal tubule has two types of cells ______ cells are highly invaginated; few mitochondria, site of sodium and chloride reabsorption while potassium is secreted; influenced by aldosterone ______ cells have higher density of mitochondria, site of active secretion of hydrogen, and involved in regulation of acid-base balance

principal cells intercalated cells

histology of each segment of renal tubule poorly developed apical and basolateral membrane few mitochondria = allows passive reabsorption (particularly urea, it is passively reabsorbed)

inner medullary collecting ducts

renal corpuscles in the cortical nephron are located in the _________

outer region of the cortex

renal corpuscles in the juxtamedullary nephron are located at the junction between the ________

cortex and medulla

the juxtamedullary nephron is supplied by the __________ & __________

vasa recta and peritubular capillaries

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier from inner to outer CE, BM, P

glomerular capillary endothelium glomerular basement membrane epithelial layer of podocytes

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier lined by proteoglycans which are negatively charged thus restricts passage of large anionic molecules restricts passage of blood cells

glomerular capillary endothelium

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier porous matrix of proteins including type IV collagen, laminin, and proteoglycans negatively charged restricts passage of large anionic proteins "charged selective filter"

glomerular basement membrane

glomerular membrane/glomerular filtration barrier foot processes filtration slits acts as a sift (huling pansala)

epithelial layer of podocytes

loss of normal podocyte structure thinning of foot processes = increase permeability of glomerular capillary to proteins

nephrotic syndrome

which is the principal size selective barrier?

podocyte filtration slits

which is the principal charge selective barrier?

glomerular basement membrane

the juxtoglomerular apparatus contains 3 cells that are involved in tubuloglomerular feedback L, M, JG

lacis cells macula desa granular cells

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus mesangial cells that lie outside of the glomerulus, as extraglomerular mesangial cells; it serves as a link in the macula densa and granular cells

lacis cells

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus specialized cells found at the thick ascending limb; functions as salt detector

macula densa

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus cells located in the efferent arteriole, differentiated smooth muscle cells that function to synthesize renin

JG cells/ granular cells

high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries = fluid _________

fluid filtration

low hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries = fluid _________

fluid reabsorption

_____ afferent arteriolar resistance (constricted), will cause a ____ RBF

increase, descrease

kidneys are capable to regulate to mantain a constant level of RBF

autoregulation

in the cellular mechanism behind the tubuloglomerular feedback the stimulus is a _____ concentration of filtered Na and Cl which will be sensed by the macula densa

increased

MYOGENIC MECHANISM ___ ABP -> renal afferent arteriole stretches and contracts -> vasoconstriction -> ___ renal arteriolar resistance offsets the ____ in ABP --> renal blood flow and GFR remains constant

increase increase increase

TUBULOGLOMERULAR MECHANISM NaCl dependent mechanism; involves feedback loop --> _____ GFR ----> _____ NaCl (sensed by macula densa) in the tubular fluid from TAL to distal tubule ----> ____ ATP and Adenosine ----> arteriolar vasoconstriction --> ____ glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure ---> _____ renal blood flow and GFR

increase increase increase decrease decrease

VASOCONSTRICTORS S, A, E

sympathetic nerves (epi and nore) angiotensin II endothelin

VASODILATORS P,N,B

prostaglandins bradykinin natriuretic peptide

renal clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma required to supply the amount of (S) excreted in the urine during a given period of time

clearance principle

renal innervation is exclusively innervated by __________ nervous system renal nerves via _______ fibers

sympathetic nervous system adrenergic fibers