RESPIRATORY 4 Flashcards
gas diffusion in the respiratory membrane through the ______________ relationship of the atmospheric pressure
pressure-flow relationship
carbon dioxide is the byproduct of __________________
aerobic metabolism
oxygen is carried in blood in 2 forms
- chemical combination with hemoglobin in the RBC
- dissolved state in the plasma
globular protein of 4 subunits
contains 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
hemoglobin
in the hemoglobin the iron is in the _________ state which binds oxygen
ferrous state
hemoglobin carries _____ O2 molecules
4
when O2 is bound to hemoglobin, it is termed as ___________
oxyhemoglobin
causes dissociation of hemoglobin
when oxyhemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen (O2), the heme iron is still in the reduced form
deoxyhemoglobin
iron is in the ferric state which does not bind to oxygen
decrease affinity of Oxygen to hemoglobin and reduces blood oxygen binding capacity
methemoglobin
a heme protein in muscle cells which combine chemically with a single molecule of oxygen
found in the muscle tissue
myoglobin
presence of 2 alpha and 2 beta hemoglobin, the beta chains are replaced by gamma chains
higher affinity for Oxygen
fetal hemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin forms sickle shaped rods that deform rbcs
hemoglobin S
maximum amount of Oxygen that can be bound to oxygen per volume of blood
oxygen binding capacity
oxygen delivery to tissues are determined by:
blood flow
oxygen content in blood
an _________ in blood flow to tissue causes an increase in PO2
increase
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is a ___________ curve
sigmoidal
upper portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is termed as the ______ zone where O2 binds to hemoglobin
loading zone
lower portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is termed as the ______ zone where O2 is delivered to tissue cells
unloading zone
PO2 in 50 percent saturation
indicator of the binding activity of hemoglobin to oxygen
p50
increase PCO2 + decrease pH level = shift to the ________
right
results: more oxygen is delivered to target tissues
Effect
causes the release of oxygen from hemoglobin
increase carbon dioxide binding with hemoglobin reduces affinity of oxygen with hemoglobin
Bohr Effect
byproduct of red blood cells
usually seen in aerobic metabolism
examples: strenous exercise, hypoxia
2,3 BPG
____________ binding of 2,3 DPG results in increased affinity of HbF for oxygen
curve to the __________
decreased binding
curve to the left
among the different gases ______ has the highest affinity to hemoglobin
it is a potent vasodilator that leads to hypoxemia
nitric oxide
carbon dioxide is transported in three forms
1.) dissolved in plasma
2.) chemically bound to hemoglobin (20%) is carried in red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin
3.) HCO3 in plasma (70%)
effect in the lungs
oxygen binding with hemoglobin reduces affinity of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin
haldane effect
type of hypoxia
at high altitude climbing there is a decrease in Patm resulting to decrease in PO2
hypoxic hypoxia
type of hypoxia
problem in oxygen content
anemia hypoxia
type of hypoxia
problem in blood flow
decrease in cardiac output
circulatory hypoxia
type of hypoxia
problem in binding of oxygen with hemoglobin and utilization of oxygen by the target tissue
carbon monoxide poisoning
cyanide poisoning - inhibition of cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria
histotoxic hypoxia
