RESPIRATORY 4

Question 1

gas diffusion in the respiratory membrane through the ______________ relationship of the atmospheric pressure

Answer 1

pressure-flow relationship

Question 2

carbon dioxide is the byproduct of __________________

Answer 2

aerobic metabolism

Question 3

oxygen is carried in blood in 2 forms

Answer 3

1. chemical combination with hemoglobin in the RBC
2. dissolved state in the plasma

Question 4

globular protein of 4 subunits

contains 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

Answer 4

hemoglobin

Question 5

in the hemoglobin the iron is in the _________ state which binds oxygen

Answer 5

ferrous state

Question 6

hemoglobin carries _____ O2 molecules

Answer 6

4

Question 7

when O2 is bound to hemoglobin, it is termed as ___________

Answer 7

oxyhemoglobin

Question 8

causes dissociation of hemoglobin

when oxyhemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen (O2), the heme iron is still in the reduced form

Answer 8

deoxyhemoglobin

Question 9

iron is in the ferric state which does not bind to oxygen

decrease affinity of Oxygen to hemoglobin and reduces blood oxygen binding capacity

Answer 9

methemoglobin

Question 10

a heme protein in muscle cells which combine chemically with a single molecule of oxygen

found in the muscle tissue

Answer 10

myoglobin

Question 11

presence of 2 alpha and 2 beta hemoglobin, the beta chains are replaced by gamma chains

higher affinity for Oxygen

Answer 11

fetal hemoglobin

Question 12

deoxyhemoglobin forms sickle shaped rods that deform rbcs

Answer 12

hemoglobin S

Question 13

maximum amount of Oxygen that can be bound to oxygen per volume of blood

Answer 13

oxygen binding capacity

Question 14

oxygen delivery to tissues are determined by:

Answer 14

blood flow
oxygen content in blood

Question 15

an _________ in blood flow to tissue causes an increase in PO2

Answer 15

increase

Question 16

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is a ___________ curve

Answer 16

sigmoidal

Question 17

upper portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is termed as the ______ zone where O2 binds to hemoglobin

Answer 17

loading zone

Question 18

lower portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is termed as the ______ zone where O2 is delivered to tissue cells

Answer 18

unloading zone

Question 19

PO2 in 50 percent saturation
indicator of the binding activity of hemoglobin to oxygen

Answer 19

p50

Question 20

increase PCO2 + decrease pH level = shift to the ________

Answer 20

right
results: more oxygen is delivered to target tissues

Question 21

Effect

causes the release of oxygen from hemoglobin
increase carbon dioxide binding with hemoglobin reduces affinity of oxygen with hemoglobin

Answer 21

Bohr Effect

Question 22

byproduct of red blood cells
usually seen in aerobic metabolism
examples: strenous exercise, hypoxia

Answer 22

2,3 BPG

Question 23

____________ binding of 2,3 DPG results in increased affinity of HbF for oxygen
curve to the __________

Answer 23

decreased binding
curve to the left

Question 24

among the different gases ______ has the highest affinity to hemoglobin

it is a potent vasodilator that leads to hypoxemia

Answer 24

nitric oxide

Question 25

carbon dioxide is transported in three forms

Answer 25

1.) dissolved in plasma
2.) chemically bound to hemoglobin (20%) is carried in red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin
3.) HCO3 in plasma (70%)

Question 26

effect in the lungs

oxygen binding with hemoglobin reduces affinity of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin

Answer 26

haldane effect

Question 27

type of hypoxia

at high altitude climbing there is a decrease in Patm resulting to decrease in PO2

Answer 27

hypoxic hypoxia

Question 28

type of hypoxia
problem in oxygen content

Answer 28

anemia hypoxia

Question 29

type of hypoxia
problem in blood flow
decrease in cardiac output

Answer 29

circulatory hypoxia

Question 30

type of hypoxia
problem in binding of oxygen with hemoglobin and utilization of oxygen by the target tissue
carbon monoxide poisoning
cyanide poisoning - inhibition of cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria

Answer 30

histotoxic hypoxia