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PHYSIOLOGY > IMMUNOLOGY 1 > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of immune system and its responses to invading pathogens

A

immunology

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2
Q

collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infection

A

immune system

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3
Q

coordinated reaction of the immune system to infectious microbes

A

immune response

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4
Q

state of relative resistance to disease

A

immunity

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5
Q

proteins that the body makes when stimulated by an antigen

secreted by plasma cells (immunoglobins)

A

antibody

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6
Q

white blood cells
formed in the bone marrow and lymph tissues
mobile units of body’s protective system

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

leukopoiesis is the process where leukocytes are formed and hormonally stimulated by ________

A

cytokines

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8
Q

formed in the red bone marrow

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

formed in lymphatic tissue found in lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, spleen and thymus

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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10
Q

granulocytes

A

basophils eosinophils neutrophils

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11
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes lymphocytes plasma cells

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12
Q

polymorphonuclear, PMN 50-70%
4-6 hours in vessels, diapedesis, chemotaxis and act by phagocytosis (using its hydrolyzed enzyme)

plays a very important role in nonspecific cellular immunity system such as pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, virus, and parasites

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

older neutrophils

A

segments

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14
Q

younger neutrophils

A

bands

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15
Q

similar to mast cells

liberate heparin, histamine, bradykinin and serotonin

functions in allergic reactions (IgE)

A

basophils

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16
Q

immune reaction against parasitic infection

IgE mediated allergic reactions (modulates effects of basophils and mast cells)

A

eosinophils

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17
Q

10-20 hours in blood

once in tissues they swell and become macrophages

main function is phagocytosis
as many as 100 bacteria engulf in much larger particles
(antigen presenting cells) and cytokine production

A

monocytes

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18
Q

first line of defense
macrophages already present in the tissues occurs within minutes

A

tissue macrophages

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19
Q

caused by inflammatory cytokines and other biochemical products from inflamed tissues (INF and IL-1)

margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

A

neutrophil invasion

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20
Q

metamorphoses WBCs pass through vessel wall getting into interstitial fluid

A

diapedesis

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21
Q

process that WBCs shift to some chemical material (metabolic production, antigen-antibody complex, bacteria, toxin, etc)

A

chemotaxis

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22
Q

process that WBCs enclose and engulf exotic or extraneous material and use intracellular enzyme digesting them

A

phagocytosis

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23
Q

third line of defense
monocytes from the blood enter the inflamed tissue and enlarge
slower build up for macrophages in tissues than neutrophils (several days to weeks)
low number of monocytes in blood and bone marrow

A

second macrophage invasion

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24
Q

stimulation of granulocytic and monocytic progenitor cells
takes 3-4 days to reach the stage of leaving the bone marrow

A

increased production of granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow

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25
Q

feed back control

A

tumor necrosis factor
interleukin 1
granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
granulocyte colony stimulating factor
monocyte colony stimulating factor

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26
Q

neutrophils and macrophages die after engulfing large number of bacteria and dead tissue

a cavity is excavated in inflamed tissues

necrotic tissue + dead neutrophils and macrophages + tissue fluid

A

pus

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27
Q

located most extensively in the lymph nodes

can also be found in the spleen, submucosal areas of GIT, thymus and bone marrow

A

lymphocytes

28
Q

forms activated lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity)

A

T-lymphocytes

29
Q

forms antibodies (humoral immunity)

A

B lymphocytes

30
Q

preprocesses T lymphocytes

from the bone marrow rapidly divides at the thymus and develops extreme diversity for reacting against different specific antigens

makes sure that T lymphocytes will not react to antigens that are present in the body’s own tissues

A

thymus gland

31
Q

during mid fetal life preprocesses B-lymphocytes

A

liver

32
Q

late fetal and after birth preprocesses B lymphocytes

A

bone marrow

33
Q

few lymphoblasts do not become plasma cells after action but form moderate numbers of new B lymphocytes

circulate throughout the body to populate the lymphoid tissues

immunologically remain dormant until activated once again by new quantity of the same antigen

A

memory cells

34
Q

proteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high specificity

gamma globulins called IMMUNOGLOBULINS

composed of combination of light and heavy polypeptide chains

A

antibodies

35
Q

5 general classes of antibodies

A

IgG A M D E

36
Q

Large intravascular pentamer
complement fixation: yes
placental transfer: no

predominant early antibody in immune response to antigenically complex organisms

agglutinates particles

A

IgM

37
Q

major antibody of the secondary immune response

found in secretions, blood, lymph, intestine

half life 23 days

complement fixation yes
placental transfer yes (passive immunity)

enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn

A

IgG

38
Q

predominant Ig in seromucous secretions (tears, saliva, intestine, milk), blood and lymph

half life in serum 6 days

no complement fixation and placental transfer: none

localized protection of mucosal surfaces, provides immunity to infant digestive tract

A

IgA

39
Q

3 days half life in serum
no complemental fixation and placental transfer

in serum, function is unknown, on B cell surface, initiates immune response

A

IgD

40
Q

scarce monomer

2 days half life in serum

known functions in allergic reactions

sensitizes cells on mucosal surfaces, has a role in immunity to helminths, asthma and hay fever

A

IgE

41
Q

direct action on invading agents

A

agglutination
precipitation
neutralization
lysis

42
Q

Ag-Ab bound together in clump

A

agglutination

43
Q

Ag-Ab complex is so large, becomes insoluble and precipitates

A

precipitation

44
Q

Ab cover toxic sites of antigenic agent

A

neutralizations

45
Q

some potent Ab Attack cell membranes causing rupture

A

lysis

46
Q

collective term describing a system of 20 proteins many of which are enzyme precursors

all these are present normally among the plasma proteins in the blood

enzyme precursors are normally inactive but the way the can be activated by the so called classical pathway

A

complement system

47
Q

phagocytosis of bacteria to which the Ag-Ab is attached

C3b activates phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

A

opsonization

48
Q

direct effect of rupturing cell membranes of bacteria

C5b6789

A

Lysis

49
Q

complement of products change the surfaces of invading organisms making them adhere to one another

A

agglutination

50
Q

attack structures of some viruses making them nonvirulent

A

neutralization of viruses

51
Q

migration of phagocytes into area adjacent to antigen

C5a

A

chemotaxis

52
Q

release of histamine, heparin, into local fluid, increased blood flow, leakage of fluid and plasma protein into tissue that helps inactivate or immobilize antigen

C3a C4a C5a

A

activation of mast cells and basophils

53
Q

further increase of blood flow
increase capillary leakage
coagulation of interstitial fluid proteins in tissue spaces

A

inflammatory effects

54
Q

upon exposure to proper antigen T lymphocytes clone proliferatively and release large numbers of ________

A

activated t cells

55
Q

_____________ are formed in the same way as B memory cells

A

t-lymphocyte memory cells

56
Q

T lymphocytes respond only to antigens when they are bound to _____________ on the surface of __________ in the lymphoid tissue

A

MHC Proteins
Antigen presenting cells

57
Q

3 major types of antigen presenting cells

(MBD)

A

macrophages
B-lymphocytes
dendritic cells

58
Q

proteins that bind peptide fragments of degraded antigen protein and transports them to the cell membrane

A

major histocomplatibility complex

59
Q

MHC protein that presents antigen to cytotoxic t cells

A

MHC 1 protein

60
Q

presents antigen to T helper cells

A

MHC II protein

61
Q

types of T cells

A

T-helper cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells

62
Q

most numerous more than 75%

serve as major regulator of virtually all immune functions

forms a series of protein mediators, lymphokines
IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6
GM CSF
interferon y

A

t-helper cells

63
Q

stimulation of growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and supressor cells

b cell growth and differentiation to form plasma cells and antibodies

A

regulatory functions of lymphokines

64
Q

killer cells; direct attack cells
secretes hole-forming proteins called perforins
secretes cytotoxic substances into the attacked cell

A

cytotoxic t cells

65
Q

capable of suppressing the functions of both cytotoxic and t helper cells

prevent cytotoxic cells from causing excessive immune reactions that might damage body’s own tissues

A

suppressor t cells

66
Q
A

PHYSIOLOGY (33 decks)

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