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PHYSIOLOGY > IMMUNOLOGY 1 > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of immune system and its responses to invading pathogens

A

immunology

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2
Q

collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infection

A

immune system

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3
Q

coordinated reaction of the immune system to infectious microbes

A

immune response

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4
Q

state of relative resistance to disease

A

immunity

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5
Q

proteins that the body makes when stimulated by an antigen

secreted by plasma cells (immunoglobins)

A

antibody

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6
Q

white blood cells
formed in the bone marrow and lymph tissues
mobile units of body’s protective system

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

leukopoiesis is the process where leukocytes are formed and hormonally stimulated by ________

A

cytokines

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8
Q

formed in the red bone marrow

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

formed in lymphatic tissue found in lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, spleen and thymus

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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10
Q

granulocytes

A

basophils eosinophils neutrophils

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11
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes lymphocytes plasma cells

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12
Q

polymorphonuclear, PMN 50-70%
4-6 hours in vessels, diapedesis, chemotaxis and act by phagocytosis (using its hydrolyzed enzyme)

plays a very important role in nonspecific cellular immunity system such as pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, virus, and parasites

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

older neutrophils

A

segments

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14
Q

younger neutrophils

A

bands

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15
Q

similar to mast cells

liberate heparin, histamine, bradykinin and serotonin

functions in allergic reactions (IgE)

A

basophils

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16
Q

immune reaction against parasitic infection

IgE mediated allergic reactions (modulates effects of basophils and mast cells)

A

eosinophils

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17
Q

10-20 hours in blood

once in tissues they swell and become macrophages

main function is phagocytosis
as many as 100 bacteria engulf in much larger particles
(antigen presenting cells) and cytokine production

A

monocytes

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18
Q

first line of defense
macrophages already present in the tissues occurs within minutes

A

tissue macrophages

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19
Q

caused by inflammatory cytokines and other biochemical products from inflamed tissues (INF and IL-1)

margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

A

neutrophil invasion

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20
Q

metamorphoses WBCs pass through vessel wall getting into interstitial fluid

A

diapedesis

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21
Q

process that WBCs shift to some chemical material (metabolic production, antigen-antibody complex, bacteria, toxin, etc)

A

chemotaxis

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22
Q

process that WBCs enclose and engulf exotic or extraneous material and use intracellular enzyme digesting them

A

phagocytosis

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23
Q

third line of defense
monocytes from the blood enter the inflamed tissue and enlarge
slower build up for macrophages in tissues than neutrophils (several days to weeks)
low number of monocytes in blood and bone marrow

A

second macrophage invasion

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24
Q

stimulation of granulocytic and monocytic progenitor cells
takes 3-4 days to reach the stage of leaving the bone marrow

A

increased production of granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow

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25
feed back control
tumor necrosis factor interleukin 1 granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor granulocyte colony stimulating factor monocyte colony stimulating factor
26
neutrophils and macrophages die after engulfing large number of bacteria and dead tissue a cavity is excavated in inflamed tissues necrotic tissue + dead neutrophils and macrophages + tissue fluid
pus
27
located most extensively in the lymph nodes can also be found in the spleen, submucosal areas of GIT, thymus and bone marrow
lymphocytes
28
forms activated lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity)
T-lymphocytes
29
forms antibodies (humoral immunity)
B lymphocytes
30
preprocesses T lymphocytes from the bone marrow rapidly divides at the thymus and develops extreme diversity for reacting against different specific antigens makes sure that T lymphocytes will not react to antigens that are present in the body's own tissues
thymus gland
31
during mid fetal life preprocesses B-lymphocytes
liver
32
late fetal and after birth preprocesses B lymphocytes
bone marrow
33
few lymphoblasts do not become plasma cells after action but form moderate numbers of new B lymphocytes circulate throughout the body to populate the lymphoid tissues immunologically remain dormant until activated once again by new quantity of the same antigen
memory cells
34
proteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high specificity gamma globulins called IMMUNOGLOBULINS composed of combination of light and heavy polypeptide chains
antibodies
35
5 general classes of antibodies
IgG A M D E
36
Large intravascular pentamer complement fixation: yes placental transfer: no predominant early antibody in immune response to antigenically complex organisms agglutinates particles
IgM
37
major antibody of the secondary immune response found in secretions, blood, lymph, intestine half life 23 days complement fixation yes placental transfer yes (passive immunity) enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn
IgG
38
predominant Ig in seromucous secretions (tears, saliva, intestine, milk), blood and lymph half life in serum 6 days no complement fixation and placental transfer: none localized protection of mucosal surfaces, provides immunity to infant digestive tract
IgA
39
3 days half life in serum no complemental fixation and placental transfer in serum, function is unknown, on B cell surface, initiates immune response
IgD
40
scarce monomer 2 days half life in serum known functions in allergic reactions sensitizes cells on mucosal surfaces, has a role in immunity to helminths, asthma and hay fever
IgE
41
direct action on invading agents
agglutination precipitation neutralization lysis
42
Ag-Ab bound together in clump
agglutination
43
Ag-Ab complex is so large, becomes insoluble and precipitates
precipitation
44
Ab cover toxic sites of antigenic agent
neutralizations
45
some potent Ab Attack cell membranes causing rupture
lysis
46
collective term describing a system of 20 proteins many of which are enzyme precursors all these are present normally among the plasma proteins in the blood enzyme precursors are normally inactive but the way the can be activated by the so called classical pathway
complement system
47
phagocytosis of bacteria to which the Ag-Ab is attached C3b activates phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
opsonization
48
direct effect of rupturing cell membranes of bacteria C5b6789
Lysis
49
complement of products change the surfaces of invading organisms making them adhere to one another
agglutination
50
attack structures of some viruses making them nonvirulent
neutralization of viruses
51
migration of phagocytes into area adjacent to antigen C5a
chemotaxis
52
release of histamine, heparin, into local fluid, increased blood flow, leakage of fluid and plasma protein into tissue that helps inactivate or immobilize antigen C3a C4a C5a
activation of mast cells and basophils
53
further increase of blood flow increase capillary leakage coagulation of interstitial fluid proteins in tissue spaces
inflammatory effects
54
upon exposure to proper antigen T lymphocytes clone proliferatively and release large numbers of ________
activated t cells
55
_____________ are formed in the same way as B memory cells
t-lymphocyte memory cells
56
T lymphocytes respond only to antigens when they are bound to _____________ on the surface of __________ in the lymphoid tissue
MHC Proteins Antigen presenting cells
57
3 major types of antigen presenting cells (MBD)
macrophages B-lymphocytes dendritic cells
58
proteins that bind peptide fragments of degraded antigen protein and transports them to the cell membrane
major histocomplatibility complex
59
MHC protein that presents antigen to cytotoxic t cells
MHC 1 protein
60
presents antigen to T helper cells
MHC II protein
61
types of T cells
T-helper cells Cytotoxic T cells Suppressor T cells
62
most numerous more than 75% serve as major regulator of virtually all immune functions forms a series of protein mediators, lymphokines IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6 GM CSF interferon y
t-helper cells
63
stimulation of growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and supressor cells b cell growth and differentiation to form plasma cells and antibodies
regulatory functions of lymphokines
64
killer cells; direct attack cells secretes hole-forming proteins called perforins secretes cytotoxic substances into the attacked cell
cytotoxic t cells
65
capable of suppressing the functions of both cytotoxic and t helper cells prevent cytotoxic cells from causing excessive immune reactions that might damage body's own tissues
suppressor t cells
66

PHYSIOLOGY (33 decks)

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