NERVE PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

coordinates the activities of the other organs in response to signals from the external and internal environment

functions as activation of muscles for movement, control of glandular secretion, regulation of heart rate and blood pressure, and maintenance of body tempt

A

nervous system

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2
Q

brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

cranial and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

supportive cells
non excitable
regulation, support physical and and metabolic needs of neurons

A

neuroglia

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5
Q

excitable cells
specialized for communication and signaling
mostly amitotic, with a high metabolic rate

A

neurons

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6
Q

neuroglia in the CNS

A

microglia
ependymal cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

neuroglia in the PNS

A

satellite cells
schwann cells

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8
Q

myelinating cell in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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9
Q

encapsulate dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglion

A

satellite cells

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10
Q

in the CNS
most abundant
controls the chemical environment
aids in synapse formation; buffer the extracellular environment
connects neurons to blood vessels

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

in the cns it is a myelinating cell

A

oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

in the cns
phagocytic cell
important role in immune responses

A

microglia

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13
Q

ciliated
forms the epithelium lining the ventricular spaces of the brain, contains CSF

A

ependymal cells

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14
Q

functional unit
interconnected neurons
coded by action potentials

A

neurons

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15
Q

axon hillock

A

area where the action potentials are created

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16
Q

axon terminal

A

presynaptic terminal; where neurotransmitters are located, majority of NTAs are acetylcholine

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17
Q

increases the speed of nerve impulses transmission

dendrites are unmyelinated

A

myelin sheath

18
Q

requires metabolic energy and involves calcium ions

guided by microtubules (kinesin and dynein)

A

axonal transport

19
Q

membrane bound organelles and mitochondria

rate:400mm/day

A

fast axonal transport

20
Q

substances dissolved in plasma

rate 1mm/day

transports proteins such as actin, neurofilaments and microtubules

rate limiting for the regeneration of axons

A

slow axonal transport

21
Q

transport from soma toward the axon terminals

kinesin

A

anterograde axonal transport

22
Q

transport from axon terminal to the soma

involves dynein

A

retrograde axonal transport

23
Q

when a peripheral nerve is cut the part of the nerve separated from the cell body (distal part shows a series of chemical and physical degenerative changes

axon swells, myelin sheath form bead like structures

A

wallerian degeneration

24
Q

electrical potential across the cellular membrane of nerve cells

A

membrane potential

25
unequal electrolytes distribution between ECF/ICF diffusion ions down their concentration gradients selective permeability of plasma membrane electrical attraction of cations and anions
resting membrane potential
26
when gated ion channels open ions, diffuse across the membrane following their ______________ this movement of charge is an electrical current and create voltage change across the membrane
electrochemical gradient
27
inside the membrane becomes less negative (or even reverses) increases the probability of producing nerve impulses
depolarization
28
membrane returns to its resting membrane potential
repolarization
29
inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential reduces the probability of producing nerve impulses
hyperpolarization
30
local disturbances in membrane potential depolarization decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na+ channels Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients
graded or local potential
31
amplitude is proportional to the size of the stimulus
graded
32
decremental does not spread
short distance signals
33
additive effect of several subthreshold stimuli in the regeneration of nerve impulses
summation
34
the same presynaptic neuron stimulates the postsynaptic neuron multiple times in a brief period
temporal summation
35
multiple neurons all stimulate postsynaptic neuron
spatial summation
36
rapid all or none change in the membrane potential following of the nerve by a suitable threshold stimulus voltage dependent ion channels
action potential
37
during the time when Na+ activation channels are open and inactivation channels are closed, the membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (Na+ channels must be in their resting state to respond to another stimulus)
Absolute refractory period
38
for a time after the absolute refractory period (when Na+ channels are in their resting state) the K+ channels are still open during this time the threshold to start another action potential is increased
Relative refractory period
39
depolarization only at nodes of ranvier (areas along the axon that are unmyelinated and where there is high density of voltage-gated ion channels) current carried by ions flows through extracellular fluid from node to node
saltatory conduction
40
an action potential spreads (propagates) over the surface of the axolemma an action potential must pass through each point along the neuron cell membrane which makes the conduction of the nerve impulse relatively slow
continuous conduction