RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 3

Question 1

fluid volume regulation is almost mediated by changes in ECF osmolarity

_________ is almost entirely mediated by changes in water balance

Answer 1

osmoregulation

Question 2

when fluid intake is greater than fluid output there is _________

Answer 2

overhydration

Question 3

when fluid intake is lesser than fluid output there is ________

Answer 3

dehydration

Question 4

if intake exceeds water loss there is ________

Answer 4

positive water balance

Question 5

if intake is less than water loss there is _________

Answer 5

negative water balance

Question 6

inside the cell the major cation is _______

Answer 6

potassium

Question 7

outside the cell the major cation is _______

Answer 7

sodium

Question 8

there are three measurements of concentration

T,O,O

Answer 8

tonicity
osmolarity
osmolality

Question 9

in ______ solution, cells do not swell or shrink

a cell is placed in a solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity of 282 mOsm/L

Answer 9

isotonic solution

Question 10

in ________ solution there is lower concentration of impermeant solutes (<282 mOsm/L)

water will diffuse into the the cell causing it to swell, will continue to diffuse into the cell

Answer 10

hypotonic solution

Question 11

in _____ solution there is a higher concentration of impermeant solutes
the cell will shrink until the two concentrations become equal

Answer 11

hypertonic solution

Question 12

infuse isotonic fluid

ECF volume ______
ECF osmolarity ______
ICF volume and osmolarity will _________

Answer 12

increases
will not change
will not change

Question 13

infuse hypotonic fluid

ECF volume ______
ECF osmolarity ______
ICF volume _________
ICF osmolarity _______

Answer 13

increase
increase
decrease
decrease

Question 14

infuse hypertonic fluid

ECF volume ______
ECF osmolarity ______
ICF volume _________
ICF osmolarity _______

Answer 14

increase
decrease
increase
increase

Question 15

also called vasopressin
action: increase the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to water

Answer 15

antidiuretic hormone

Question 16

3 major effects of ADH on the Kidneys

1._______ the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to water
2. _______ the permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea
3. _________ the reabsorption of the NaCl by the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop, distal tubule, and collecting ducts

Answer 16

increases
increases
stimulates

Question 17

produces hyperosmolar medullary interstitium
ascending loop of henle
impermeable to water
Na+ Cl+ K+ co-transporter

Answer 17

countercurrent multiplier

Question 18

preserves hyperosmolarity of the medullary interstitium
minimizes washout of solutes from the medullary interstitium
medullary flow is low (1-5% of the total renal blood flow)
medullary blood flow is slow which minimizes solute loss

Answer 18

countercurrent exchanger

Question 19

calculates the amount of free water generated by the kidneys when dilute or concentrated urine is formed

derived from concept of clearance

Answer 19

free water clearance

Question 20

clearance of the total solutes from plasma by the kidneys

Answer 20

osmolar clearance

Question 21

expressed as osmolar clearance
volume of plasma cleared of solutes per minute

Answer 21

total clearance of solutes

Question 22

calculated as the difference between water excretion (urine flow rate) and osmolar clearance

Answer 22

free water clearance

Question 23

excess water is excreted by the kidney
urine osmolarity is lesser than plasma osmolarity
water excretion

Answer 23

positive free water clearance

Question 24

excess solutes are removed from the body
urine osmolarity is greater than plasma osmolarity
water conservation

Answer 24

negative free water clearance

Question 25

DIABETES INSIPIDUS
inadequate release of ADH
ADH level is low
polyuria and polydipsia

Answer 25

central diabetes insipidus

Question 26

diabetes insipidus with primary defect in the kidney
inability of the kidney to respond to ADH
ADH level is normal or high
polyuria and polydipsa

Answer 26

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Question 27

high plasma level of ADH above what would be expected on the nasis of body fluid osmolality and blood volume and pressure
water is retained hence produced concentrated urine

Answer 27

SIADH
syndrome of innappropritae

Question 28

H20 Deprivation
dehydration
antidiuretic state
______ ECF tonicity
______ osmoroceptors
______ ADH secretion/release
______ permeability of DCT/CD to water
______H20 reabsorption in DCT/CD
______urine volume/_____ urine tonicity
______urine

Answer 28

increase ECF tonicity
+ osmoroceptors
increase ADH secretion/release
increase permeability of DCT/CD to water
increase H20 reabsorption in DCT/CD
decrease urine volume/increase urine tonicity
concentrated urine