RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 4 Flashcards by Miguel Braganza

proximal tubule

major reabsorptive area because of presence of ___, its basolateral membrane are ________ and it has abundant mitochondria

brush borders
invaginated

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transport processes

limitation is equilibrium and important factor: permeability and gradient

passive transport

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transport processes

includes primary, secondary, and endocytosis

active transport

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site of glucose reabsorption

early portion of the proximal of tubule

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glucose is freely ______ and ______ reabsorbed

freely
100% reabsorbed

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glucose

this is a secondary active transport mechanism co-transported with sodium - utilizing a carrier known as ______________

sodium glucose transporter 2

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glucose

across the basolateral when it goes to the blood, it is already done by facilitated diffusion which is _____________

glucose transporter 2

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Normal glucose concentration in blood (FBS) is _________

80-110 mg/dL

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site of reabsorption of amino acids

early portion of the proximal tubule

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amino acids

in the apical membrane is co transported with ____
in the basolateral membrane there is ______/_______ diffusion

sodium
simple or facilitated diffusion

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proteins

reabsorption rate
the site is ____________

early portion of the proximal tubule

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proteins

they are large, cannot pass through they will undergo ___________ in the apical membrane
in the basolateral membrane they will undergo ____________

endocytosis in the apical
exocytosis in the basolateral

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in endocytosis of proteins there are multiligand endocytic receptors

they can bind a wide range of peptides and proteins and thereby mediate their endocytosis:

M
C

megalin
cubilin

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reabsorption site of urea

mainly in the medullary collecting duct

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Urea us reabsorbed back at the collecting duct through the ________ and it is enhanced by the ________

Urea transporter A1
enhanced by ADH

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urea is the waste product of the __________

protein metabolism

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uric acid is primarily reabsorbed at the ___________

proximal tubule

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uric acid the waste product of ________________-

nucleic acid metabolism

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creatinineL excretion rate is ________ to filtration rate

equal

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ascorbic acid:
excretion rate is regulated by:
_________ filtration
Tubular reabsorption: _________
tubular secretion: ___________

glomerular filtration
proximal tubule
distal tubule

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ascorbic acid tubular secretion
is secreted in the distal tubule promoted by _______– and increased filtered load of ________

adrenal steroid
increased filtered load of sodium

ascorbic acid is primarily absorbed at ________ co-transported with _________

PCT
sodium

is there any substance that is freely filtered, never reabsorbed but secreted? so excretion rate > secretion rate

yes, para-aminohippuric acid and hydrogen

how are organic anions secreted?
from the blood, they can thus diffuse from there to the cell or they are in exchange with ______ utilizing a transported organic acid transporter (____, _____, and ____)

alpha ketoglutarate
organic acid transporter (OAT1, OAT2, OAT3)

how will OA go out from the apical membrane same it will exchange with ________ but the the transporter they will use is _________ or diffuse utilizing ___________ transporter or the _________ proteins

OAT 4 MRP2 transporter or the multidrug resistance proteins

which of the following organic anion transporters is utilized by apical membrane?

OAT 1, OAT 2, OAT 3, OAT 4

which of the following organic anion transporters is utilized by basolateral membrane?

MRP2 transporter and OAT 4

organic cation secretion crosses the _______ tubule

proximal tubule

organic cation enters the cell across the basolateral membrane primarily by _______ Organic cation leaves the cell across the apical membrane in exchange with hydrogen by __________ and ________ which requires ATP

proximal tubule multidrug and toxin transporters (MATE 1 and MATE2-K) and by multidrug resistance protein which requires ATP

sodium reabsorption sites

proximal tubule loop of henle distal tubules collecting duct

____________ is achieved by changes in water balance _____________ is primarily by changes in sodium balance

osmoregulation volume regulation

in the proximal tubule we divide this into two: the _________ portion and _______ portion in the early portion: reabsorption is cotransported with ______ or in exchange with _______ in the late portion: reabsorption is cotransported with ____ or in exchange with ________

early and late organic substances or hydrogen sodium or hydrogen

sodium in the loop of henle can also be exchnaged with _______- by reabsorption of sodium here is with 2 chloride and 1_________

hydrogen potassium

sodium in the early distal tubule cotransported with ________- the transported used is NCC which stands for _________ blocked by ______

sodium chloride channel thiazide diuretic

sodium in late distal tubule and collecting duct when sodium is reabsorbed it is followed by secretion of _____________- and hydrogen

potassium and hydrogen

Bartter syndrome there is a problem in ____________

Sodium Potassium 2Chloride symporter

sodim is very important in fluid balance, it is in fact the major determinant of _____ osmolarity

ECF osmolarity

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption stimulates sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb, distal tubule and collecting duct

angiotension II

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in distal tubule and collecting duct increases sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb

aldosterone

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption secreted in the heart and they inhibit sodium chloride reabsorption as well as ADH

atrial natriuretic peptide

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption stimulates NaCl reabsorption in the proximal tubule, thick ascending, DT, and CD; same with angiotensin II but without potassium secretion

catecholamines

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption inhibits reabsorption of NaCl in the proximal tubule

dopamine

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption increases sodium chloride excretion __________ same effects with ANP and BNP, encoded in the same gene kidneys release _________ to normalize blood pressure; only produced in the kidneys

urodilatin

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption same but it can be produced by other organs aside from the kidney it also causes diuresis and naturesis by inhibiting sodium chloride reabsorption

adrenomedullin

potassium in the proximal tubule reabsorbs potassium by _____ in the thick ascending LOH reabsorb with ______ and ______ in the distal tubule it is reabsorbed in exchange with ________ in exchange with ______ ( in the late distal tubule and collecting duct

active transport sodium and chlored (NKCC2) hydrogen sodium

calcium sites of reabsorption

proximal tubule, thick ascending loop and distal tubule

two important substances that increases calcium reabsorption

vitamin D and PTH

phosphate is controlled primarily by an ____________

overflow mechanism

phosphate is cotransported with ________- transporter used ____1,2, and 3

sodium phosphate transporter

magnesium is primarily absorbed in the

thick ascending loop of henle