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PHYSIOLOGY > RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 4 > Flashcards

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 4 Flashcards

1
Q

proximal tubule

major reabsorptive area because of presence of ___, its basolateral membrane are ________ and it has abundant mitochondria

A

brush borders
invaginated

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2
Q

transport processes

limitation is equilibrium and important factor: permeability and gradient

A

passive transport

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3
Q

transport processes

includes primary, secondary, and endocytosis

A

active transport

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4
Q

site of glucose reabsorption

A

early portion of the proximal of tubule

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5
Q

glucose is freely ______ and ______ reabsorbed

A

freely
100% reabsorbed

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6
Q

glucose

this is a secondary active transport mechanism co-transported with sodium - utilizing a carrier known as ______________

A

sodium glucose transporter 2

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7
Q

glucose

across the basolateral when it goes to the blood, it is already done by facilitated diffusion which is _____________

A

glucose transporter 2

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8
Q

Normal glucose concentration in blood (FBS) is _________

A

80-110 mg/dL

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9
Q

site of reabsorption of amino acids

A

early portion of the proximal tubule

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10
Q

amino acids

in the apical membrane is co transported with ____
in the basolateral membrane there is ______/_______ diffusion

A

sodium
simple or facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

proteins

reabsorption rate
the site is ____________

A

early portion of the proximal tubule

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12
Q

proteins

they are large, cannot pass through they will undergo ___________ in the apical membrane
in the basolateral membrane they will undergo ____________

A

endocytosis in the apical
exocytosis in the basolateral

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13
Q

in endocytosis of proteins there are multiligand endocytic receptors

they can bind a wide range of peptides and proteins and thereby mediate their endocytosis:

M
C

A

megalin
cubilin

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14
Q

reabsorption site of urea

A

mainly in the medullary collecting duct

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15
Q

Urea us reabsorbed back at the collecting duct through the ________ and it is enhanced by the ________

A

Urea transporter A1
enhanced by ADH

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16
Q

urea is the waste product of the __________

A

protein metabolism

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17
Q

uric acid is primarily reabsorbed at the ___________

A

proximal tubule

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18
Q

uric acid the waste product of ________________-

A

nucleic acid metabolism

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19
Q

creatinineL excretion rate is ________ to filtration rate

A

equal

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20
Q

ascorbic acid:
excretion rate is regulated by:
_________ filtration
Tubular reabsorption: _________
tubular secretion: ___________

A

glomerular filtration
proximal tubule
distal tubule

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21
Q

ascorbic acid tubular secretion
is secreted in the distal tubule promoted by _______– and increased filtered load of ________

A

adrenal steroid
increased filtered load of sodium

22
Q

ascorbic acid is primarily absorbed at ________ co-transported with _________

A

PCT
sodium

23
Q

is there any substance that is freely filtered, never reabsorbed but secreted? so excretion rate > secretion rate

A

yes, para-aminohippuric acid and hydrogen

24
Q

how are organic anions secreted?
from the blood, they can thus diffuse from there to the cell or they are in exchange with ______ utilizing a transported organic acid transporter (____, _____, and ____)

A

alpha ketoglutarate
organic acid transporter (OAT1, OAT2, OAT3)

25
Q

how will OA go out from the apical membrane
same it will exchange with ________ but the the transporter they will use is _________
or diffuse utilizing ___________ transporter or the _________ proteins

A

OAT 4
MRP2 transporter or the multidrug resistance proteins

26
Q

which of the following organic anion transporters is utilized by apical membrane?

A

OAT 1, OAT 2, OAT 3, OAT 4

27
Q

which of the following organic anion transporters is utilized by basolateral membrane?

A

MRP2 transporter and OAT 4

28
Q

organic cation secretion crosses the _______ tubule

A

proximal tubule

29
Q

organic cation enters the cell across the basolateral membrane primarily by _______
Organic cation leaves the cell across the apical membrane in exchange with hydrogen by __________ and ________ which requires ATP

A

proximal tubule

multidrug and toxin transporters (MATE 1 and MATE2-K) and by multidrug resistance protein which requires ATP

30
Q

sodium reabsorption sites

A

proximal tubule
loop of henle
distal tubules
collecting duct

31
Q

____________ is achieved by changes in water balance

_____________ is primarily by changes in sodium balance

A

osmoregulation
volume regulation

32
Q

in the proximal tubule we divide this into two:
the _________ portion and _______ portion

in the early portion:
reabsorption is cotransported with ______ or in exchange with _______

in the late portion:
reabsorption is cotransported with ____ or in exchange with ________

A

early and late
organic substances or hydrogen
sodium or hydrogen

33
Q

sodium in the loop of henle
can also be exchnaged with _______- by reabsorption of sodium here is with 2 chloride and 1_________

A

hydrogen
potassium

34
Q

sodium in the early distal tubule
cotransported with ________-
the transported used is NCC which stands for _________
blocked by ______

A

sodium chloride channel
thiazide diuretic

35
Q

sodium in late distal tubule and collecting duct
when sodium is reabsorbed it is followed by secretion of _____________- and hydrogen

A

potassium and hydrogen

36
Q

Bartter syndrome there is a problem in ____________

A

Sodium Potassium 2Chloride symporter

37
Q

sodim is very important in fluid balance, it is in fact the major determinant of _____ osmolarity

A

ECF osmolarity

38
Q

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption

stimulates sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb, distal tubule and collecting duct

A

angiotension II

39
Q

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption

stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in distal tubule and collecting duct

increases sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb

A

aldosterone

40
Q

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption

secreted in the heart and they inhibit sodium chloride reabsorption as well as ADH

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

41
Q

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption

stimulates NaCl reabsorption in the proximal tubule, thick ascending, DT, and CD; same with angiotensin II but without potassium secretion

A

catecholamines

42
Q

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption

inhibits reabsorption of NaCl in the proximal tubule

A

dopamine

43
Q

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption

increases sodium chloride excretion
__________ same effects with ANP and BNP, encoded in the same gene

kidneys release _________ to normalize blood pressure; only produced in the kidneys

A

urodilatin

44
Q

hormones that influence sodium reabsorption

same but it can be produced by other organs aside from the kidney it also causes diuresis and naturesis by inhibiting sodium chloride reabsorption

A

adrenomedullin

45
Q

potassium

in the proximal tubule reabsorbs potassium by _____
in the thick ascending LOH reabsorb with ______ and ______
in the distal tubule it is reabsorbed in exchange with ________
in exchange with ______ ( in the late distal tubule and collecting duct

A

active transport
sodium and chlored (NKCC2)
hydrogen
sodium

46
Q

calcium sites of reabsorption

A

proximal tubule, thick ascending loop and distal tubule

47
Q

two important substances that increases calcium reabsorption

A

vitamin D and PTH

48
Q

phosphate is controlled primarily by an ____________

A

overflow mechanism

49
Q

phosphate is cotransported with ________-
transporter used ____1,2, and 3

A

sodium phosphate transporter

50
Q

magnesium is primarily absorbed in the

A

thick ascending loop of henle

PHYSIOLOGY (33 decks)

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