RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 5

Question 1

a substance that can donate or release hydrogen ion (H+)

hydrogen donor

Answer 1

acid

Question 2

a substance that can combine with or accept hydrogen
hydrogen acceptor

Answer 2

base

Question 3

a single free proton released from the hydrogen atom
released in large amounts of solutions from strong acids (HCl)
removed rapidly from the solutions by strong base (OH+)

the concentration of ____ in body fluids is low compared with that of other ions

Answer 3

hydrogen ion

Question 4

express the hydrogen ion on a logarithm scale

Answer 4

pH units

Question 5

normal value of pH

Answer 5

7.35-7.45

Question 6

normal value of carbon dioxide

Answer 6

35-45 mmHg

Question 7

normal value of bicarbonate

Answer 7

23-25 mEq/L

Question 8

normal value of hydrogen

Answer 8

0.00004 mEq/L

Question 9

if the acid production decreases and acid excretion increases you will develop a condition known as __________

Answer 9

alkalosis

Question 10

if acid is greater than acid excretion then you will develop a condition known as __________

Answer 10

acidosis

Question 11

sources of H+ ions in the body
1. Complete ________
2. Incomplete ________
3. Oxidation of __________

Answer 11

1. complete metabolism of foodstuffs
2. incomplete metabolism of CHO and Fats
3. oxidation of proteins and amino acids

Question 12

sources of bicarbonate ions in the body
1. hydration of _____
2. metabolism of ____
3. metabolism of ____

Answer 12

1. hydration of carbon dioxide
2. metabolism of aspartate and glutamate
3. metabolism of citrate

Question 13

in henderson-hesselbach equation

if bicarbonate increases, pH________
if carbon dioxide increases, pH _________ which results to ________

Answer 13

if bicarbonate increases, pH increases
if carbon dioxide increases, pH decreases which results to acidosis

Question 14

site of urine acidification
1. PCT
________
2. Distal Tubule (I Cells)
________
________
3. Collecting Duct
________

Answer 14

PCT - sodium hydrogen exchange mechanism
Distal Tubule - Aldosterone dependent ATP driven pump, H/K ATPase
Collecting Duct - Aldosterone dependent ATP driven pump

Question 15

Which segments reabsorbs bicarbonate?

Answer 15

all except thin ALH and thin DLH

Question 16

Reabsorption of Bicarbonate: PCT and TAL

bicarbonate is not reabsorbed because the apical membrane is ________ to bicarbonate

Answer 16

impermeable

Question 17

Reabsorption of Bicarbonate: PCT and TAL

H2CO3 will dissociate to _____ and ______ with enzyme Carbonic anhydrase in the ______ membrane the reaction becomes fast

Answer 17

hydrogen and carbon dioxide
apical

Question 18

Reabsorption of Bicarbonate: PCT and TAL

for every bicarbonate reabsorbed in the form of carbon dioxide, it is always associated with sodium reabsorption and hydrogen secretion through ___________ mechanism

Answer 18

sodium/hydrogen exchange mechanism

Question 19

Reabsorption of Bicarbonate: DT and CD

in the distal tubule and cd there is such a thing that is _____________

Answer 19

hydrogen ATPase aldosterone dependent pump

Question 20

Reabsorption of Bicarbonate: DT and CD
one type of intercalated cell that secretes hydrogen (reabsorbs bicarbonate) is called ___________

Answer 20

alpha intercalated cells

Question 21

Reabsorption of Bicarbonate: DT and CD
cell in alkalosis which secretes bicarbonate

Answer 21

beta-intercalated cells

Question 22

Reabsorption of Bicarbonate: DT and CD

in the apical membrane Cl/HCO3 antiporter is different from the one found in the basolateral membrane of the hydrogen secreting intercalated cells and has been identified as __________

Answer 22

pedrin

Question 23

Formation of bicarbonate :PCT

when glutamine is acted by __________ enzyme in the PCT metabolism of glutamine will produce _______ molecules of HCO and ______ molecules of _______

Answer 23

glutaminase enzyme
2 molecules of bicarbonate
2 molecules of ammonia