CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

cells are organized into 3 main regions

Answer 1

nucleus cytoplasm plasma membrane

Question 2

70-85%, principal fluid medium of the cell, where chemical reactions take place

Answer 2

water

Question 3

10-20%, both structural and functional

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

proteins that form the cytoskeleton of the cellular organelles

Answer 4

structural proteins

Question 5

proteins that act as enzymes to control metabolic functions

Answer 5

functional proteins

Question 6

2% of cells mass, forms the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers that separate the cell components,
fats stored in cells are the main storehouse of energy giving nutrients

Answer 6

lipids

Question 7

1% of cell mass, major nutrition of the cell, little structural function as part of glycoproteins

Answer 7

carbohydrates

Question 8

provides inorganic chemicals for cellular reaction

Answer 8

ions

Question 9

aqueous solution that contains organic molecules, organelles and inclusions

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

a network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm, connected to the nuclear membrane, highway of the cells

Answer 10

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

ribosomes are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane ,

site of the translation of mRNA and postranslational modification of proteins to be secreted from the cells

Answer 11

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

no attached ribosomes, functions for the synthesis of lipids, site of steroid synthesis, site of detoxification process in other cells

Answer 12

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

complex structure containing mixture of proteins and RNA, sites of protein synthesis, found either attached to ER or floating free in the cytosol

Answer 13

ribosomes

Question 14

stack of flattened membrane sac, provides processing and forms secretory vesicles containing proteins to be secreted through the cell membrane, packaging of the cells

Answer 14

golgi apparatus

Question 15

powerhouse of the cell, site where ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation, bounded by a two-lipid bilayer membrane, contains DNA controlling replication

Answer 15

mitochondria

Question 16

vesicular organelles formed from golgi apparatus, contains hydrolytic enzymes,
digestive system of the cell

Answer 16

lysosomes

Question 17

dissolves bacterial cell membrane

Answer 17

lysozyme

Question 18

binds iron before they promote bacterial growth

Answer 18

lysoferrin

Question 19

Genetic disorder caused by absence of single lysosomal enzyme

seizures, muscle rigidity, blind, demented, and dead before the age of 5

Answer 19

Tay-Sachs Disorder

Question 20

similar to lysosomes except it buds off from the endoplasmic reticulum, contains oxidative enzymes.

microbodies

Answer 20

peroxisomes

Question 21

contractile elements in muscle cells

Answer 21

microfilaments

Question 22

structural support

Answer 22

intermediate filaments

Question 23

intracellular transport of vesicles, chromosome movement during mitosis, movement of cilia and flagella

Answer 23

microtubules

Question 24

cilia

Answer 24

for locomotion, dynein responsible for the whiplike movement of the cilia

Question 25

an autosomal recessive disorder in which dynein is missing in cilia and in males the flagella of sperm-infertile males impaired mucociliary transport

Answer 25

kartagener's syndrome

Question 26

control center of the cell control and promote reproduction of cell

Answer 26

nucleus

Question 27

double membrane with spaces between called perinuclear cisterns contains nuclear pores through which transport of proteins and mRNA occurs

Answer 27

nuclear membrane

Question 28

staining structure inside the nucleus site of ribosome synthesis granules rich in RNA most prominent and numerous in growing cells

Answer 28

Nucleolus

Question 29

basophilic material composed of DNA and associated proteins (histones) scattered throughout the nucleoplasm condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

Answer 29

chromatin

Question 30

separates intracellular contents from extracellular environment lipid bilayer with associated proteins

Answer 30

plasma membrane

Question 31

regulates transport of molecules into and out of the cell

Answer 31

selective permeability

Question 32

restricts passages of some substances while permitting the passage of others

Answer 32

semipermeable

Question 33

embedded in lipid bilayer transmembrane proteins channel or carrier protein

Answer 33

integral protein

Question 34

bind to integral proteins easily removed enzyme or signal transducer

Answer 34

peripheral proteins

Question 35

related to the effect of the solution to the volume of the cell

Answer 35

tonicity

Question 36

solution with the higher concentration of solutes

Answer 36

hypertonic

Question 37

solution with lower concentration of solutes

Answer 37

hypotonic

Question 38

solution with equal solute concentrations

Answer 38

isotonic

Question 39

occurs when a membrane separating 2 solutions is permeable to some but not all the molecules in solution

Answer 39

Gibbs donnan effect

Question 40

hypotonic media: cells swell transports osmotically active particles out of cells --- decrease osmotic pressure and restore cell volume to normal

Answer 40

regulatory volume decrease

Question 41

hypertonic media: cells shrink transports osmolytes into cell --- increase intracellular osmotic pressure - restores cell volume to normal

Answer 41

regulatory volume increase

Question 42

spontaneous process by which a substances moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration driven by thermal motion of molecules

Answer 42

diffusion

Question 43

transport of substances down their concentration/electrochemical gradient using carrier proteins does not require energy carrier mediated diffusion ex: glucose transporter

Answer 43

facilitated diffusion

Question 44

substances and solvent move across the membrane driven by a hydrostatic pressure gradient solute containing fluid pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area