Respiratory Flashcards
Treatment to covid 19
isolation
covid 19 vaccination (antiviral)
rest
fluids
symptom management
What is asthma
Inflammation and narrowing around airway
Asthma diagnosis
o ABG
o spirometry (shows functional/residual capacity)
o x-ray.
Type of medication for asthma
o Beta 2 agonists (bronchodilators): dilation of bronchial passage and relaxation of smooth muscle (salbutamol).
o Corticosteroids: lowers inflammation in the body by reducing release of inflammatory mediators (prednisolone, dexamethasone).
What is Emphysema
inflammation and damage to alveoli due to irritants
Risk factors influencing emphysema
Smoking
signs and symptoms of emphysema
- Dyspnea
- weight loss
- barrel chest
Emphysema diagnosis
o Spirometry (measures lung volume by measuring airflow and corresponding changes in lung volume)
o blood gases
o sputum sample.
Treatment for emphysemia
o reduce risks
o slow progression
o O2 therapy: maintain O2 saturation at 90-92%
o anti-inflammatories
o bronchodilation
o corticosteroids.
What is Pneumonia
infection of one or both lungs.
Causes of pneumonia
o bacteria
o viruses
o fungi.
Risk factors pneumonia
o infants
o over 65s
o weakened immune system.
o respiratory infection
o stroke victim
o exposure to irritants.
Symptoms of pneumonia
o coughing
o fever
o sweating/chills
o chest pain
o nausea
o headaches
Pheumonia diagnosis
o chest x-ray
o blood cultures
o sputum sample
o CT
Treatment of Pheumonia
o Antibiotics - penicillin
o antiviral/antifungal
o maximizing O2.
What is Bronchitis
inflammation of lining of bronchioles (acute/chronic).
Signs and symptoms of bronchitis
- overweight
- cyanotic
- peripheral oedema
- chronic cough
Treatment for bronchitis
o Antibiotics if not improving.
o Fluids
o aspirin
What is pulmonary Embolism
Blood clot blocks arteries in lung
Symptoms of pulmonary embolism
o chest pain
o cough
o SOB
o Hypotension
o tachycardia.
Treatment for pulmonary embolism
o head elevated
o O2
o anticoagulants.
Parts in a Respiratory assessment:
o Chest auscultation, the patient’s air entry, breath sounds and any added sounds (wheeze) can be noted.
o Ventilation settings, mode of ventilation, O2 requirements, endotracheal tube size and position at gum/skin.
o Document pts breathing
What is a pneumothorax
air trapped inside pleural cavity
Risks for tension pneumothorax
o chest injury
o mechanical ventilation
o lung disease.
Symptoms for tension pneumothorax
o chest pain with sudden onset
o dyspnea
o rapid HR/RR.
Treatment for tension pneumothorax
o immediate needle decompression by insertion of large bore into 2nd intercostal space in mid-clavicular line.
What is Tuberculosis
Chronic bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms for turberculosis
anorexia
fatigue
chills
night sweats
chest pain
appetite loss.
Turberculosis diagnosis
- Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test (testing for lesion – red, raised, hard, >10-15cm)
- x-ray, QuantiFERON TB Gold (measures component of cell-mediated immune reactivity to MTB).
Turberculosis treatment
o 4x antibiotics (isoniazid INH, rifampin RIF, ethambutol EMB, pyrazinamide PZA).
Drug therapy can last 6 months – 2 years.
What is COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus
How is covid 19 spread
- droplets from infected persons sneeze, cough or talking.
- Mostly spread through close contact with infected person or through touch of infected surface.
symptoms of covid 19
Can take up to 14 days to present after infection.
o New/worsening cough
o fever (>38)
o dyspnea
o sore throat
o sneezing/runny nose
o temporary loss of smell.
What is croup
upper airway infection that blocks breathing
treatment for croup
steroids
non-steroidal anti-inflammatories
What is COPD
- chronic inflammation of airway
Symptoms of chronic bronchitis
- Dyspnoea and decreased exercise tolerance
- Cough
- Dusky nail beds are an indication of cyanosis
- Frequent chest infections
- Clubbing of fingers:
Nursing intervention for COPD
- Encourage fluids:
- sitting position at 90°
- Assist with coughing and deep breathing
- High energy and protein diet:
COPD med treatment
- corticosteriods (prednisone)
- Bronchodilator (salbutamol)
What condition would you hear fine crackles in lungs (high pitched, crackling)
- pulmonary edema
- asthma
- obstructive disease (COPD)
What condition would you hear coarse crackles in lungs (wet bubbling sound)
- Pulmonary edema
- pneumonia
What respiratory condition will you hear wheezing
- asthma
- bronchitis
- chronic emphysema
What respiratory condition will you hear stridor
- croup
- airway obstruction
Asthma S+S
- Dyspnea
- tachypnea
- chest tightness
- wheezing
- anxiety
what is hypoxia + S+S
- when your body doesn’t have enough oxygen in its tissues
+ restlessness
+ decrease consciousness
+ increase HR
+ tachyopnea
+ cyanosis
