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STATE EXAM > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment to covid 19

A

isolation
covid 19 vaccination (antiviral)
rest
fluids
symptom management

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2
Q

What is asthma

A

Inflammation and narrowing around airway

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3
Q

Asthma diagnosis

A

o ABG
o spirometry (shows functional/residual capacity)
o x-ray.

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4
Q

Type of medication for asthma

A

o Beta 2 agonists (bronchodilators): dilation of bronchial passage and relaxation of smooth muscle (salbutamol).
o Corticosteroids: lowers inflammation in the body by reducing release of inflammatory mediators (prednisolone, dexamethasone).

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5
Q

What is Emphysema

A

inflammation and damage to alveoli due to irritants

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6
Q

Risk factors influencing emphysema

A

Smoking

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7
Q

signs and symptoms of emphysema

A
  • Dyspnea
  • weight loss
  • barrel chest
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8
Q

Emphysema diagnosis

A

o Spirometry (measures lung volume by measuring airflow and corresponding changes in lung volume)
o blood gases
o sputum sample.

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9
Q

Treatment for emphysemia

A

o reduce risks
o slow progression
o O2 therapy: maintain O2 saturation at 90-92%
o anti-inflammatories
o bronchodilation
o corticosteroids.

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10
Q

What is Pneumonia

A

infection of one or both lungs.

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11
Q

Causes of pneumonia

A

o bacteria
o viruses
o fungi.

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12
Q

Risk factors pneumonia

A

o infants
o over 65s
o weakened immune system.
o respiratory infection
o stroke victim
o exposure to irritants.

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13
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A

o coughing
o fever
o sweating/chills
o chest pain
o nausea
o headaches

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14
Q

Pheumonia diagnosis

A

o chest x-ray
o blood cultures
o sputum sample
o CT

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15
Q

Treatment of Pheumonia

A

o Antibiotics - penicillin
o antiviral/antifungal
o maximizing O2.

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16
Q

What is Bronchitis

A

inflammation of lining of bronchioles (acute/chronic).

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of bronchitis

A
  • overweight
  • cyanotic
  • peripheral oedema
  • chronic cough
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18
Q

Treatment for bronchitis

A

o Antibiotics if not improving.
o Fluids
o aspirin

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19
Q

What is pulmonary Embolism

A

Blood clot blocks arteries in lung

20
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

o chest pain
o cough
o SOB
o Hypotension
o tachycardia.

21
Q

Treatment for pulmonary embolism

A

o head elevated
o O2
o anticoagulants.

22
Q

Parts in a Respiratory assessment:

A

o Chest auscultation, the patient’s air entry, breath sounds and any added sounds (wheeze) can be noted.
o Ventilation settings, mode of ventilation, O2 requirements, endotracheal tube size and position at gum/skin.
o Document pts breathing

23
Q

What is a pneumothorax

A

air trapped inside pleural cavity

24
Q

Risks for tension pneumothorax

A

o chest injury
o mechanical ventilation
o lung disease.

25
Q

Symptoms for tension pneumothorax

A

o chest pain with sudden onset
o dyspnea
o rapid HR/RR.

26
Q

Treatment for tension pneumothorax

A

o immediate needle decompression by insertion of large bore into 2nd intercostal space in mid-clavicular line.

27
Q

What is Tuberculosis

A

Chronic bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

28
Q

Symptoms for turberculosis

A

anorexia
fatigue
chills
night sweats
chest pain
appetite loss.

29
Q

Turberculosis diagnosis

A
  • Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test (testing for lesion – red, raised, hard, >10-15cm)
  • x-ray, QuantiFERON TB Gold (measures component of cell-mediated immune reactivity to MTB).
30
Q

Turberculosis treatment

A

o 4x antibiotics (isoniazid INH, rifampin RIF, ethambutol EMB, pyrazinamide PZA).
Drug therapy can last 6 months – 2 years.

31
Q

What is COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

A

contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus

32
Q

How is covid 19 spread

A
  • droplets from infected persons sneeze, cough or talking.
  • Mostly spread through close contact with infected person or through touch of infected surface.
33
Q

symptoms of covid 19

A

Can take up to 14 days to present after infection.
o New/worsening cough
o fever (>38)
o dyspnea
o sore throat
o sneezing/runny nose
o temporary loss of smell.

34
Q

What is croup

A

upper airway infection that blocks breathing

35
Q

treatment for croup

A

steroids
non-steroidal anti-inflammatories

36
Q

What is COPD

A
  • chronic inflammation of airway
37
Q

Symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A
  • Dyspnoea and decreased exercise tolerance
  • Cough
  • Dusky nail beds are an indication of cyanosis
  • Frequent chest infections
  • Clubbing of fingers:
38
Q

Nursing intervention for COPD

A
  1. Encourage fluids:
  2. sitting position at 90°
  3. Assist with coughing and deep breathing
  4. High energy and protein diet:
39
Q

COPD med treatment

A
  1. corticosteriods (prednisone)
  2. Bronchodilator (salbutamol)
40
Q

What condition would you hear fine crackles in lungs (high pitched, crackling)

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • asthma
  • obstructive disease (COPD)
41
Q

What condition would you hear coarse crackles in lungs (wet bubbling sound)

A
  • Pulmonary edema
  • pneumonia
42
Q

What respiratory condition will you hear wheezing

A
  • asthma
  • bronchitis
  • chronic emphysema
43
Q

What respiratory condition will you hear stridor

A
  • croup
  • airway obstruction
44
Q

Asthma S+S

A
  • Dyspnea
  • tachypnea
  • chest tightness
  • wheezing
  • anxiety
45
Q

what is hypoxia + S+S

A
  • when your body doesn’t have enough oxygen in its tissues
    + restlessness
    + decrease consciousness
    + increase HR
    + tachyopnea
    + cyanosis

STATE EXAM (26 decks)

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