Respiratory

Question 1

Treatment to covid 19

Answer 1

isolation
covid 19 vaccination (antiviral)
rest
fluids
symptom management

Question 2

What is asthma

Answer 2

Inflammation and narrowing around airway

Question 3

Risks influencing asthma

Answer 3

o parents with asthma
o severe respiratory infection as a child
o exposure to chemical/industrial irritants.

Question 4

Asthma diagnosis

Answer 4

o ABG
o spirometry (shows functional/residual capacity)
o x-ray.

Question 5

Type of medication for asthma

Answer 5

o Beta 2 agonists: dilation of bronchial passage and relaxation of smooth muscle (salbutamol).
o Corticosteroids: lowers inflammation in the body by reducing release of inflammatory mediators (prednisolone, dexamethasone).

Question 6

What is Emphysema

Answer 6

inflammation and damage to alveoli due to irritants

Question 7

Risk factors influencing emphysema

Answer 7

Smoking

Question 8

signs and symptoms of emphysema

Answer 8

o Dyspnea (SOB)
o hypercapnia (CO2 retention)
o increased RR
o Fatigue
o pursed lip breathing

Question 9

Emphysema diagnosis

Answer 9

o Spirometry (measures lung volume by measuring airflow and corresponding changes in lung volume)
o blood gases
o sputum sample.

Question 10

Treatment for emphysemia

Answer 10

o reduce risks
o slow progression
o O2 therapy: maintain O2 saturation at 90-92%
o anti-inflammatories
o bronchodilation
o corticosteroids.

Question 11

What is Pneumonia

Answer 11

infection of one or both lungs.

Question 12

Causes of pneumonia

Answer 12

o bacteria
o viruses
o fungi.

Question 13

Risk factors pneumonia

Answer 13

o infants
o over 65s
o weakened immune system.
o respiratory infection
o stroke victim
o exposure to irritants.

Question 14

Symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 14

o coughing
o fever
o sweating/chills
o chest pain
o nausea
o headaches

Question 15

Pheumonia diagnosis

Answer 15

o chest x-ray
o blood cultures
o sputum sample
o CT

Question 16

Treatment of Pheumonia

Answer 16

o Antibiotics - penicillin
o antiviral/antifungal
o maximizing O2.

Question 17

What is Bronchitis

Answer 17

inflammation of lining of bronchioles (acute/chronic).

Question 18

Signs and symptoms of bronchitis

Answer 18

o chest discomfort
o cough – produces mucous
- fatigue
o Fever
o Dyspnea (SOB)
o wheezing (chronic – cough lasting more than 3 months).
(Add Clarifier)

Question 19

Treatment for bronchitis

Answer 19

o Antibiotics if not improving.
o Fluids
o aspirin

Question 20

What is pulmonary Embolism

Answer 20

Blood clot blocks arteries in lung

Question 21

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism

Answer 21

o chest pain
o cough
o SOB
o Hypotension
o tachycardia.

Question 22

Treatment for pulmonary embolism

Answer 22

o head elevated
o O2
o anticoagulants.

Question 23

Parts in a Respiratory assessment:

Answer 23

o Chest auscultation, the patient’s air entry, breath sounds and any added sounds (wheeze) can be noted.
o Ventilation settings, mode of ventilation, O2 requirements, endotracheal tube size and position at gum/skin.
o Document pts breathing

Question 24

What is a pneumothorax

Answer 24

air trapped inside pleural cavity

Question 25

Risks for tension pneumothorax

Answer 25

o chest injury
o mechanical ventilation
o lung disease.

Question 26

Symptoms for tension pneumothorax

Answer 26

o chest pain with sudden onset
o dyspnea
o rapid HR/RR.

Question 27

Treatment for tension pneumothorax

Answer 27

o immediate needle decompression by insertion of large bore into 2nd intercostal space in mid-clavicular line.

Question 28

What is Tuberculosis

Answer 28

Chronic bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 29

Symptoms for turberculosis

Answer 29

anorexia
fatigue
chills
night sweats
chest pain
appetite loss.

Question 30

Turberculosis diagnosis

Answer 30

• Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test (testing for lesion – red, raised, hard, >10-15cm)
• x-ray, QuantiFERON TB Gold (measures component of cell-mediated immune reactivity to MTB).

Question 31

Turberculosis treatment

Answer 31

o 4x antibiotics (isoniazid INH, rifampin RIF, ethambutol EMB, pyrazinamide PZA).
Drug therapy can last 6 months – 2 years.

Question 32

What is COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

Answer 32

contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus

Question 33

How is covid 19 spread

Answer 33

• droplets from infected persons sneeze, cough or talking.
• Mostly spread through close contact with infected person or through touch of infected surface.

Question 34

symptoms of covid 19

Answer 34

Can take up to 14 days to present after infection.
o New/worsening cough
o fever (>38)
o dyspnea
o sore throat
o sneezing/runny nose
o temporary loss of smell.

Question 35

What is croup

Answer 35

upper airway infection that blocks breathing

Question 36

treatment for croup

Answer 36

steroids
non-steroidal anti-inflammatories

Question 37

What is COPD

Answer 37

• chronic inflammation of airway

Question 38

Symptoms of chronic bronchitis

Answer 38

• Dyspnoea and decreased exercise tolerance
• Cough
• Dusky nail beds are an indication of cyanosis
• Frequent chest infections
• Clubbing of fingers:

Question 39

Nursing intervention for COPD

Answer 39

1. Encourage fluids:
2. sitting position at 90°
3. Assist with coughing and deep breathing
4. High energy and protein diet:

Question 40

COPD med treatment

Answer 40

1. corticosteriods (prednisone)
2. Bronchodilator (salbutamol)