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STATE EXAM > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Nine rights

A

o right person
o right dose
o right time
o right route
o right drug
o right action
o right form
o right response
o right documentation

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2
Q

What are agonists

A
  • binds to receptor and causes cellular response
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3
Q

What are antagonist

A

blocks agonists

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4
Q

Side effects of antibiotics

A

o nausea
o vomiting
o diarrhea
o loss of appetite
o stomach cramping
o thrush.

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5
Q

must do for standing orders

A
  • carried out by nurse and doctor must write out order
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6
Q

must do for controlled drugs

A

must be counted for and signed by 2x nurses

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7
Q

what is Hypokalaemia and causes

A

low potassium
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
- diuretics

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8
Q

symptoms of hypokalaemia

A

Think “Low Energy”:
- Muscle weakness
- fatigue,
-leg cramps

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9
Q

Hyperkalaemia and causes

A
  • high potassium
  • renal disease
  • diabetes
  • chemotherapy
  • major trauma
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10
Q

symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A

Think “Heart Alert”:
- Muscle weakness
- irregular heartbeat

or MURDER
Muscle weakness
Urine abnormalities (e.g., oliguria, anuria)
Respiratory distress
Decreased cardiac contractility
EKG changes (peaked T waves)
Reflexes (hyperreflexia or areflexia)

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11
Q

Hyponatremia: What is it and causes

A
  • low sodium levels
    Caused by:
  • fluid overload
  • oedema
  • diuretics
  • burns/ wounds
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12
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Hyponatremia (Low Sodium)
Think “Swelling Brain”:
- Headache
- confusion
- nausea
- muscle weakness

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13
Q

Hypernatremia: What is it and causes

A

high sodium levels
Caused by:
- dehydration
- increased salt intake

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14
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia

A

Think “Dehydration”
- Thirst
- confusion
- muscle twitching

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15
Q

Hyponatremia: Treatment

A

IV fluids with sodium.

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16
Q

Hypernatremia: Treatment

A

monitoring sodium intake
administering diuretics
monitoring daily weights.

17
Q

Hyperkalaemia Treatment

A

decreasing potassium in the diet
polystyrene which decreases potassium in the blood.

18
Q

Hypokalaemia treatment

A

administering oral potassium and IVF with potassium.

19
Q

Hypomagnesemia: What is it and causes

A
  • low magnesium
    caused by:
  • Alcoholism
  • vomiting
  • medications
  • poor nutrition
20
Q

symptoms of hypomagnesemia

A

Low magnesium = Twitchy symptoms
- Twitching
- Tetany (muscle spasms)
- Tremors (shaking)

21
Q

Hypomagnesemia treatment

A

administration of magnesium sulphate IV

22
Q

Hypermagnesemia: What is it and causes

A
  • high magnesium
    caused by:
  • too much Mg in diet
  • renal failure
23
Q

symptoms of hypermagnesemia

A

S - slow refleces
L - low HR and BP
O - Out of energy/fatigue
W - weakness

24
Q

Treatment of Hypomagnesemia:

A

administering calcium gluconate IV
monitor patients level of consciousness
monitor for confusion.

25
Q

Hypocalcaemia: What is it and causes

A
  • low calcium levels
    causes:
  • thyroid disorder
  • renal failure
  • chemotherapy
26
Q

Hypocalcaemia treatment

A

administering calcium and vitamin D.

27
Q

Hypercalcemia: What is it and causes

A
  • high calcium
    caused by:
  • overactive thyroid
  • cancer
  • diuretics.
28
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

Think “Stones and Bones”:
- Nausea
- constipation
- confusion

29
Q

Hypercalcemia treatment

A

calcitonin
loop diuretics
bisphosphonates.

30
Q

What is isotonic solutions and example of name

A
  • burns
  • surgery
  • dehydration
  • 0.9% sodium chloride
  • Lactated ringer’s solution
31
Q

What are hypotonic solutions used for and example

A
  • increase fluid volume in body
  • Used for acute infections
  • for hydration
    -0.455 normal saline
  • 5% dextrose
32
Q

When to use Hypertonic solutions and example of name

A
  • hyponatremia
  • metabloc alkalosis
  • hypovolemia
  • fluid maintenance

Name:
- Dextrose 5% in 0.45% normal saline
- Dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer’s

33
Q

IV complications

A
  1. air embolism
  2. infiltration (iv fluid leaks into surrounding tissue)
  3. infection
  4. fluid overload
  5. Phlebitis
  6. Hematoma (collection of blood in tissue)
34
Q

Hypocalcemia S+S

A

Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium)
Think “Twitchy”:
- Tingling in fingers
- muscle cramps
- facial twitching (Chvostek’s sign)

STATE EXAM (26 decks)

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