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STATE EXAM > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

What is Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

o rest/digest
o Helps us relax by decreasing HR
o allows us to digest food/other functions.

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2
Q

What is a stroke

A
  • Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply
  • Occurs when an artery supplying brain tissue is altered
  • Lack of blood supply = neuron death.
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3
Q

Types of stroke

A

Ischemic (due to occlusion)
hemorrhagic (due to bleeding – trauma/aneurysm).
Transient ischemic attack: occlusion with no permenant damage

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4
Q

WHat is a Transient ischemic attack:

A

o When blockage only lasts a short time, will show symptoms that will resolve.

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5
Q

RIsk factors influencing Transient ischemic attack

A

o Age
o smoking/excessive alcohol
o atherosclerosis
o Obesity
o Diabetes
o Hypertension

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6
Q

Symptoms of transient ischemic attack

A

o FAST (face, arms, speech, time)
o dysarthria (disturbance in muscular control of speech)
o hemiparesis
o dysphagia (swallowing difficulty)
o ataxia (poor balance)
o aphasia (loss of language).

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7
Q

Diagnosis for transient ischemic attack

A

o Neurological exam
o swallowing assessment
o nerve function
o MRI/CT (to identify stoke/rule out bleeding)
o angiography.

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8
Q

Treatment for transient ischemic attack

A

o endarterectomy (to remove plaques)
o speech/language therapy
o Physio
o education.

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9
Q

Medication for transient ischemic attack and examples

A

o Thrombolytic therapy:
rtPA turns plasminogen into plasmin (molecule that breaks up blood clots. Given within 6 hours.
o Anticoagulation:
Prevent clot formation by inhibiting platelet aggregation or interrupting clotting cascade (Aspirin).
o Beta blockers.

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10
Q

What is the limbic system

A

group of structures linked to emotion. Such as amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, septal nuclei, mammillary body, fornix, hypothalamus.

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11
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale components

A
  • eye opening (4 spontaneous, 1 no response)
  • verbal response (5 orientated, 1 no response)
  • motor response (6 obeys commands, 1 no response)
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12
Q

What is cerebral palsy

A

congenital disorder of movement

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13
Q

symptoms of cerebral palsy

A

o movement/walking difficulties
o speech difficulties
o learning/cognitive impairment
o hearing/vision loss
o epilepsy (co-occurring)

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14
Q

Treatment for cerebral palsy

A

o Physical therapy and rehabilitation.

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15
Q

What is Seizures/Epilepsy

A
  • spontaneous, recurring and unprovoked seizures.
  • Occur due to sudden burst of uncontrolled electrical or chemical activity in the brain.
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16
Q

Risks for having a seizures

A
  • genetic
  • damage to brain cells after head injury or illness (stroke/meningitis).
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17
Q

Types of seizures with description

A

Tonic seizure = increase muscle tone/stiffness
Atonic seizure = complete muscle relaxation
clonic seizure = muscle convulsion
Myoclonic = muscle spasm in localised area
Absence = staring appearance with no movement
Tonic-clonic = stops moving and then started convulsion + loss of consciousness
Generalizes seizure = includes most all of brain

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18
Q

Triggers that can cause a seizure

A

o forgetting medication
o stress, anxiety
o lack of sleep
o irregular meals
o BGL
o heavy alcohol/drug use

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19
Q

Tests for seizures

A

o recurring seizures
o history
o triggers
o ECG (measures activity of the brain)
o CT
o MRI.

20
Q

Treatment for seizures

A

o anti-epilepsy drugs
o surgery,
o ketogenic diet.

21
Q

What is meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. Can be viral/bacterial causes. Develops rapidly.

22
Q

Risks for developing meningitis

A

o babies
o young children <5
o teenagers/young adults
o older adult
o weakened immune system
o shared accommodation.

23
Q

symptoms of meningitis

A

o Fever
o Headache
o Sleepy
o Confusion

24
Q

How to diagnose meningitis

A

o history/symptoms
o clinical exam
o bloods
o lumbar puncture.

25
Q

Meningitis treatment

A

o bacterial – IV Antibiotics
o Viral – rest, fluids.
o Non-infective meningitis – corticosteroids.

26
Q

What is Intracranial Pressure:

A

increase in volume of any of intracranial contents (brain tissue, blood, cerebrospinal fluid

27
Q

Risks that can cause intracranial pressure

A

o brain tumor
- head injury
o heart failure
o infections
o seizures

28
Q

0

Symptoms of intracranial pressure

A

o widening pulse range
- bradycardia
- hypertension
- headache
o pain with eye movement
o nausea/vomiting
o irritable

29
Q

How to diagnose intracranial pressure

A

o MRI
o lumbar puncture

30
Q

Treatment for intracranial pressure

A

o elevate head
o decrease brain activity
o surgical decompression

31
Q

What is parkinson’s

A

brain conditions that cause slowed movements, rigidity (stiffness) and tremors

32
Q

Symptoms of parkinson’s

A

o tremor
o rigidity
o excess sweating
o constipation
o urinary retention.

33
Q

Parkinsons treatment

A

o management of symptoms.

34
Q

What is Neurogenic Shock:

A

due to nerve damage causing hypoperfusion

35
Q

Risks that can cause distributive shock

A

o spinal cord trauma
o medications that affect the autonomic nervous system
o improper administration of spinal anesthesia.

36
Q

Diagnosis of distributive shock

A

o Physical
o CT
o MRI.

37
Q

Treatment for distrubitve shock

A

o Manage ABCs
o protect/immobilize spine
o intubation
o Vasopressors (causing vasoconstriction – increase BP), Nervous system: controls function we cannot consciously control – HR, digestion, breathing, pupil response.

38
Q

What is Sympathetic Nervous System:

A

o fight or flight.
o Increases HR, BP, dilates pupils for better vision.
o Controls vasomotor tone (regulates diameter of vessels – constriction or dilation)

39
Q

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A
  • autoimmune neuro condition where the immune system attacks the nerves in the peripheral nervous system.
40
Q

S+S of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A
  • paralysis
  • weakness
  • tingling sensation
41
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A
  • an autoimmune disease in which the body attacks itself without any known cause or reason.
    -Affects the nerves of the brain and spinal cord.
42
Q

S+S multiple sclerosis (MS)

A
  • vision problems
  • muscle spasms
  • weakness or lack of co-ordination of the limbs
  • extreme tiredness
43
Q

Neurogenic shock S+S

A
  • hypotension
  • bradycardia
  • hypothermia
  • warm/dry extremities but cold body
44
Q

Diagnostic Tests for neurogenic shock

A
  • physical exam
  • CT scan
  • MRI
45
Q

Neurogenic shock treatment

A
  • Maintain ABC
  • immobilise spine
  • vasopressors
  • Atropine (increase HR)
46
Q

what is compensated shock and vitals

A

initial stage of shock/pre-shock
- tachycardia
- normal blood pressure
- tachypnea

STATE EXAM (26 decks)

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