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STATE EXAM > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

signs of pregnancy:

A

o absent period
o fatigue
o enlarged breasts
o sore breasts
o nausea.

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2
Q

circulation changes due to pregnancy

A

o Heart enlarged HR
o Increased blood flow to uterus to provide nutrients and growth.
o Increased blood flow to skin and mucous membranes.

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3
Q

respiratory changes to pregnant person

A

o increased O2
- increased depth of breathing
o SOB

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4
Q

Supplements needed for pregnant women and why

A
  1. folic acid - first 12 weeks
  2. iodine = helps baby grow - during pregnancy and breast feeding
  3. vitamin D = strong bones and muscle
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5
Q

Morning sickness prevention (pregnancy)

A
  • drink water before/after meals
  • nap
  • avoid spicy foods
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6
Q

alcohol effects on fetus

A
  • premature
  • developmental and physical changes (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)
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7
Q

What is Pre-eclampsia

A
  • high blood pressure in pregnancy
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8
Q

Risks for developing pre-eclampsia

A

o chronic hypertension
o pre-existing diabetes
o renal disease
o autoimmune diseases
o family history
o overweight
o multiple first pregnancies
o being young (<18) or old (>35).

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9
Q

Symptoms of pre-eclampsia

A

o high BP
o protein in urine
o headache
o Changes in vision
o Epigastric spasm
o Sudden new swelling in face, hands, eyes
o SOB

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10
Q

tests for pre-eclampsia

A

o BP measure
o urinalysis.

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11
Q

Treatment for pre-eclampsia

A

o antihypertensives
o rest/laying on L) side
o magnesium sulphate to prevent seizures during/after labor
o protein-rich diet.

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12
Q

complications from pre-eclampsia

A

o damage to kidneys/liver
o increased risk of stroke and blood clots,
o placental abruption
o eclampsia (seizures)
o increased risk of premature birth/still birth
o poor growth of baby.

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13
Q

What is gestational diabetes.

A

o Diabetes that develops during pregnancy

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14
Q

risks for developing gestational diabetes

A

o previous GDM
o multiple pregnancies
o older women
o Ethnicity
o BMI >35, family history.

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15
Q

how to diagnose gestational diabetes

A

o HbA1c (>50mmol/L) is lower in pregnancy
o Fasting glucose >5.5mmol/L or two hours post food >9mmol/L.

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16
Q

treatment for gestational diabetes

A

o self-monitoring (BGL daily).

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17
Q

complications of gestational diabetes

A

o increased risk of still birth
o miscarriage
o hypertension
o Jaundice
o sepsis.

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18
Q

effects of gestational diabetes on fetus

A

o increased fetal growth/fat storage
o birth trauma
o shoulder dystocia
o nerve pulses
o fractures
o respiratory disease.

19
Q

Risks for becoming anemia

A

o two pregnancies close together
o multiple pregnancies
o vomiting frequently
o decreased iron
o heavy pre-pregnancy menstrual flow
o vege/vegan
o celiac or crohns disease.

20
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A

o fatigue
o progressive paleness of skin
o rapid HR
o SOB
o trouble concentrating.

21
Q

anemia diagnosis

A

o antenatal bloods (hemoglobin/hematocrit) – treated with iron supplements

22
Q

post-partum hemorrhage volumes

A

o blood loss >500ml
o major if >1000ml

23
Q

risks of hemorrhage before birth and after

A

before
- multiple pregnancy
- previous PPH
- Anemia \

After
- c - section
- induced labour
- long labour
- large baby
- fever

24
Q

risks of preterm labor (before 37 weeks)

A

o hx of premature birth
o multiple pregnancy
o infection (STI/UTI)
o smoking/drinking/illicit drug use
o underweight/overweight
o poor dental hygiene
o diabetes

25
Q

signs of preterm labour

A

o gush of fluid (break of water)
o bleeding
o contractions (regular/stronger)
o abdominal pain
o low back ache
o nausea
o diarrhea.

26
Q

risks of depression during/after birth

A

o previous mood disorder
o stressful life events
o unemployment
o marital conflict
o lack of support from friends/family.

27
Q

Risks of developing Post-partum psychosis:

A

previous history/family history of psychosis.

28
Q

Post-partum psychosis: treatment

A

o antidepressants
o mood stabilizers
o antipsychotics
o ECT.

29
Q

benefits of breast feeding

A

o Psychological
o Physiological
o nutritional health
o protects infant from SIDs
o decreases asthma/eczema,
o provides immunological protection
o improves vision
o decreases obesity.

30
Q

Issues with breastfeeding

A

o Flat/inverted nipples
o Sore/burning nipples
o Plugged milk ducts
o Mastitis (painful infection of breast tissue caused by blocked milk duct or bacteria entering the breast).
o Poor latching
o Poor milk supply

31
Q

Cervical screening causes

A

o almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV, this virus is spread through sexual activity.

32
Q

who gets cervical screening

A

o Women aged 25-69 who have ever been sexually active

33
Q

How often do women get cervical screening

A

o Every 3 years, people who have abnormal tests may need screening more often.

34
Q

What are Chadwicks sign

A
  • A bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia
  • often seen in early pregnancy due to increased blood flow.
35
Q

What are Goodells sign

A

Softening of the cervix, which is an early sign of pregnancy, typically appearing around 4-6 weeks gestation.

36
Q

Homans sign

A
  • A test for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • pain in the calf may indicate the presence of DVT
37
Q

Frequency of micturition

A

increased frequency of urination

38
Q

What is Apgar used for and scoring system

A
  • health of a newborn immediately after birth
    A - appareance (skin colour)
    0: Blue or pale all over
    1: Body pink, but hands and feet blue
    2: Completely pink

P - Pulse
0: Absent
1: Less than 100 beats per minute
2: 100 beats per minute or more

G - grimace
0: No response
1: Grimace or frown when stimulated
2: Grimace and pulls away, sneezes, or coughs

A - activity
0: Limp
1: Some flexion of arms and legs
2: Active motion

R- respiration
0: Absent
1: Weak cry; may be slow or irregular
2: Good, strong cry

39
Q

What is gestational proteinuria hypertension

A
  • high blood pressure with protein in urine during pregnancy
40
Q

What do the following mean

  1. Hydrops fetalis
  2. Placenta praevia
  3. Ictirus neonatorum
A
  1. abnormal accumulation of fluid in the fetus
  2. placenta is located low in the uterus and covers the cervix
  3. neonatal jaundice
41
Q

What is retrolental fibroplasias/retinopathy of prematurity

A
  • premature infants mainly
    = abnormal growth of retinal blood vessels, which can lead to scarring and vision impairment
42
Q

What is Persistent red lochia

A

vaginal discharge that occurs after childbirth

43
Q

What is Chorionic villus sampling:

A

checks cells from the placenta to see if they have a chromosomal abnormality (such as Down syndrome)

44
Q

two main reasons for post-partum haemorrhage are:

A
  • uterine atony: uterus doesn’t contract after the placenta separates
  • trauma:

STATE EXAM (26 decks)

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