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STATE EXAM > GI/liver > Flashcards

GI/liver Flashcards

1
Q

Risks for developing paralytic illeus/bowel obstruction

A

o post-surgical due to being prescribed medications that can slow intestinal movement such as
o intestinal cancer
o Crohn’s disease
o Parkinson’s disease
o electrolyte imbalance
o sepsis.

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2
Q

How to diagnose gallstones

A

o ultrasound.

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3
Q

Causes of GI bleeding

A

o tears in esophagus
o hemorrhoids
o gastric ulcers
o inflammatory bowel conditions
o clotting disorders

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4
Q

Treatment of GI bleeding

A
  • blood products as required
    o drug therapy
    o endoscopy.
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5
Q

What is gastritis

A

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

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6
Q

Causes for gastritis

A
  • NSAIDS
    o alcohol/other irritants
    o concurrent illness
    o autoimmune factors
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7
Q

What is a hernia

A

A bulging of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.

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8
Q

Treatment for hernia

A

surgery

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9
Q

What is Peritonitis:

A

Inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal wall and covering the abdominal organs.

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10
Q

Symptoms of peritonitis

A

o painful abdomen
o abdominal distention
o fever/chills
o excessive fatigue
o reduced urine output.

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11
Q

Treatment for peritonitis

A

antibiotics
surgery

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12
Q

What does a liver do

A

filters toxins from blood and produces plasma proteins for blood stream

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13
Q

What is liver disease

A

hepatocytes are damaged as a result of exposure to drugs, most commonly alcohol or severe chronic hepatitis

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14
Q

Risks for developing liver disease

A

o alcohol abuse
o hepatitis
o fat accumulating in liver
o cystic fibrosis
o infections.

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15
Q

Symptoms of liver disease

A

o fatigue
o enlarged liver
o jaundice
o anorexia.

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16
Q

Diagnosis for liver disease

A

o blood tests for bilirubin/creatine
o CT/MRI
o biopsy.

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17
Q

Treatment for liver disease

A

o for alcohol dependency
o weight loss
o for hepatitis
o liver transplant.

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18
Q

What is Hepatitis

A

Chronic or acute condition caused by drugs, chemicals or viruses

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19
Q

How hepatitis is transmitted

A

infected blood or other body fluids getting into cuts and scratches
o sexual contact
o sharing personal items (razors/toothbrushes)
o needle sharing
o from mother to unborn child (highest risk during birth).

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20
Q

Symptoms of hepatitis

A

o fatigue
o enlarged liver
o jaundice
o anorexia
o pain

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21
Q

Diagnosis hepatitis

A

blood tests

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22
Q

Treatment for hepatitis

A

o antivirals
o antibiotics

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23
Q

What does a pancreas do

A

makes pancreatic juices containing enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones

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24
Q

What is Cholelithiasis (gallstone)

A

precipitated bile salts, cholesterol.

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25
Q

Risks that cause cholelithiasis (gallstones)

A

o female
o over 40
o overweight
o obese
o pregnant
o high fat diet.

26
Q

Symptoms of cholelithiasis (gallstones)

A

o pain in upper right portion of abdomen
o back pain
o nausea/vomiting.

27
Q

How to diagnose gallstones

A

ultrasound.

28
Q

Components in General assessment:

A

o Document feeds charted/dietary requirements if eating and drinking
o Whether there is a nasogastric/orogastric tube
o Date last bowel motion and any action required as per the bowel protocol
o IV insulin protocol
o Bowel sounds present/quiet/active
o Whether pt has a stoma
o Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation

29
Q

What is Gastro-esophageal reflux

A

abnormal reflux of gastric content in the esophagus caused by reflux

30
Q

Symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux

A

o pain and burning (heartburn) may result in anemia from blood loss due to ulceration.

31
Q

Treatment for gastro-esophageal reflux

A

o lifestyle changes (no alcohol, caffeine, chocolate or peppermint)
o eat sitting up
o stopping smoking.

32
Q

Medication treatment for gastro-esophageal reflux and examples

A

o Antacids: neutralizes stomach contents to treat heartburn symptoms (Gaviscon, calcium carbonate).
o Protein pump inhibitors: prevents movement of H+ ions from the parietal cell into the stomach. PPI bind irreversibly to H+ K+ and ATP enzyme. All gastric acid secretions are blocked (omeprazole).

33
Q

What is Appendicitis

A

appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, causing pain.

34
Q

Symptoms of appendicits

A

o Nausea
o Vomiting
o Diarrhea
o stomach pain

35
Q

Diagnosis for appendicits

A

o physical exam
o blood tests for signs of infection,
o urine test to rule out UTI
o ultrasound.

36
Q

treatment for appendicitis

A

o appendectomy
o care for incision sites
o activity limitations
o pain control.

37
Q

Treatment for diarrhea

A

o Rehydrate
o bulk forming foods or drugs
o Antibiotics
o anti-inflammatory.

38
Q

Risks that occur due to constipation

A

o not enough fiber
o low mobility
o low fluid
o drug side effect

39
Q

Symptoms for constipation

A

o fewer than 3 poos a week
o lumpy or hard poos
o feeling a blockage
o feeling as though you can’t properly empty.

40
Q

Treatment for constipation

A

o fluids
o Exercise
o laxatives (stimulate bowel movement).

41
Q

medication treatment for vomiting (Emesis)

A

o Antiemetics: histamine antagonists, block histamine receptors and vestibular apparatus (cyclizine).
- Serotonin receptor antagonists, blocks serotonin receptors (Ondansetron).

42
Q

What is a peptic ulcer

A

ulceration of the protective mucosa lining of lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum.

43
Q

Risks for developing peptic ulcer

A

o decreased or altered protective mucous
o increased gastric juice secretion
o less inhibition or gastric secretions
o inappropriate increase gastrin secretion.

44
Q

Symptoms for peptic ulcer

A

o dull pain in stomach
o weight loss
o not wanting to eat due to pain
o nausea/vomiting
o bloating

45
Q

Diagnosis for peptic ulcer

A

o Stool test
o Endoscopy
o Biopsy
o Blood test

46
Q

Treatment for peptic ulcer

A

o Antibiotics
o Adequate rest
o diet chance
o stress management.

47
Q

What is ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of the large intestinal mucosa mainly in the rectum

48
Q

What is crohns

A

deep ulcers and fissures develop along whole intestine but mostly in the distal ileum.

49
Q

What is gastroenteritis

A

altered bowel habit, but no specific inflammation

50
Q

Symptoms for IBD

A

o abdominal pain
o diarrhea
o blood in stool
o weight loss
o nausea
o fever.

51
Q

diagnosis for IBD

A

o biopsy

52
Q

Treatment for IBD

A

o corticosteroid to reduce inflammation
o biologic therapies that inhibit inflammatory chemicals from inflamed cells.

53
Q

What is paralytic illeus/bowel obstruction

A

lack of movement somewhere in the intestines that leads to a build-up and potential blockage of food material.

54
Q

Symptoms of pyloric stenosis

A

o Stomach
o loss of appetite/weight
o vomiting
o dehydration

55
Q

Treatment for pyloric stenosis

A

o treat underlying cause,
o pyloromyotomy (cutting and spreading of the outer layer of thickened pyloric sphincter muscle).

56
Q

What is pyloric stenosis

A

condition in which the opening between the stomach and small intestine thickens.

57
Q

What is acute pancreatitis and causes

A
  • acute inflammation of the pancreas
    Causes: gallstones and alcohol intake
58
Q

Treatment of acute pancreatitis

A

IV fluids
analgesics
nutritional support.

59
Q

symptoms of acute pancreatitis

A
  • nausea and vomiting
  • pain for several days
60
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis and causes

A

persistent inflammation of the pancreas
causes: drinking alcohol and smoking

61
Q

treatment of chronic pancreatitis

A

pain control a
management of pancreatic insufficiency.

62
Q

symptoms of chronic pancreatitis

A

abdominal pain
pancreatic insufficiency

STATE EXAM (24 decks)

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