GI/liver Flashcards
Risks for developing paralytic illeus/bowel obstruction
o post-surgical due to being prescribed medications that can slow intestinal movement such as
o intestinal cancer
o Crohn’s disease
o Parkinson’s disease
o electrolyte imbalance
o sepsis.
How to diagnose gallstones
o ultrasound.
Causes of GI bleeding
o tears in esophagus
o hemorrhoids
o gastric ulcers
o inflammatory bowel conditions
o clotting disorders
Treatment of GI bleeding
- blood products as required
o drug therapy
o endoscopy.
What is gastritis
Inflammation of gastric mucosa
Causes for gastritis
- NSAIDS
o alcohol/other irritants
o concurrent illness
o autoimmune factors
What is a hernia
A bulging of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.
Treatment for hernia
surgery
What is Peritonitis:
Inflammation of lining of the abdomen
Symptoms of peritonitis
o painful abdomen
o abdominal distention
o fever/chills
o excessive fatigue
o reduced urine output.
Treatment for peritonitis
antibiotics
surgery
What does a liver do
filters toxins from blood and produces plasma proteins for blood stream
What is liver disease
hepatocytes are damaged as a result of exposure to drugs, most commonly alcohol or severe chronic hepatitis
Risks for developing liver disease
o alcohol abuse
o hepatitis
o fat accumulating in liver
o cystic fibrosis
o infections.
Symptoms of liver disease
o fatigue
o enlarged liver
o jaundice
o anorexia.
Diagnosis for liver disease
o blood tests for bilirubin/creatine
o CT/MRI
o biopsy.
Treatment for liver disease
o for alcohol dependency
o weight loss
o for hepatitis
o liver transplant.
What is Hepatitis
inflammation of liver
How hepatitis is transmitted
infected blood or other body fluids getting into cuts and scratches
o sexual contact
o sharing personal items (razors/toothbrushes)
o needle sharing
o from mother to unborn child (highest risk during birth).
Symptoms of hepatitis
o fatigue
o enlarged liver
o jaundice
o anorexia
o pain
Diagnosis hepatitis
blood tests
Treatment for hepatitis
o antivirals
o antibiotics
What does a pancreas do
makes pancreatic juices containing enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones
What is Cholelithiasis (gallstone)
precipitated bile salts, cholesterol.
Risks that cause cholelithiasis (gallstones)
o female
o over 40
o overweight
o obese
o pregnant
o high fat diet.
Symptoms of cholelithiasis (gallstones)
o pain in upper right portion of abdomen
o back pain
o nausea/vomiting.
How to diagnose gallstones
ultrasound.
What is Gastro-esophageal reflux (GORD)
abnormal reflux of gastric content in the esophagus caused by reflux
Symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux
o pain and burning (heartburn) may result in anemia from blood loss due to ulceration.
Treatment for gastro-esophageal reflux
o lifestyle changes (no alcohol, caffeine, chocolate or peppermint)
o eat sitting up
o stopping smoking.
Medication treatment for gastro-esophageal reflux and examples
o Antacids: neutralizes stomach contents to treat heartburn symptoms (Gaviscon, calcium carbonate).
o Protein pump inhibitors: prevents movement of H+ ions from the parietal cell into the stomach. PPI bind irreversibly to H+ K+ and ATP enzyme. All gastric acid secretions are blocked (omeprazole).
What is Appendicitis
appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, causing pain.
Symptoms of appendicits
o Nausea
o Vomiting
o Diarrhea
o stomach pain
Diagnosis for appendicits
o physical exam
o blood tests for signs of infection,
o urine test to rule out UTI
o ultrasound.
treatment for appendicitis
o appendectomy
o care for incision sites
o activity limitations
o pain control.
Treatment for diarrhea
o Rehydrate
o bulk forming foods or drugs
o Antibiotics
o anti-inflammatory.
Symptoms for constipation
o fewer than 3 poos a week
o lumpy or hard poos
o feeling a blockage
o feeling as though you can’t properly empty.
Treatment for constipation
o fluids
o Exercise
o laxatives (stimulate bowel movement).
medication treatment for vomiting (Emesis)
o Antiemetics: histamine antagonists, block histamine receptors and vestibular apparatus (cyclizine).
- Serotonin receptor antagonists, blocks serotonin receptors (Ondansetron).
What is a peptic ulcer
ulceration of the protective mucosa lining of lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum.
Risks for developing peptic ulcer
o decreased or altered protective mucous
o increased gastric juice secretion
o less inhibition or gastric secretions
o inappropriate increase gastrin secretion.
Symptoms for peptic ulcer
o dull pain in stomach
o weight loss
o not wanting to eat due to pain
o nausea/vomiting
o bloating
Diagnosis for peptic ulcer
o Stool test
o Endoscopy
o Biopsy
o Blood test
Treatment for peptic ulcer
o Antibiotics
o Adequate rest
o diet chance
o stress management.
What is ulcerative colitis
inflammation of the large intestinal mucosa mainly in the rectum
What is crohns
deep ulcers and fissures develop along whole intestine but mostly in the distal ileum.
What is gastroenteritis
intestinal infection causing diarrheoa and vomiting
Symptoms for IBD
o abdominal pain
o diarrhea
o blood in stool
o weight loss
o nausea
o fever.
diagnosis for IBD
o biopsy
Treatment for IBD
o corticosteroid to reduce inflammation
o biologic therapies that inhibit inflammatory chemicals from inflamed cells.
What is paralytic illeus/bowel obstruction
lack of movement somewhere in the intestines that leads to a build-up and potential blockage of food material.
Symptoms of pyloric stenosis
(narrowing passage from stomach to small intestine)
o Stomach
o loss of appetite/weight
o vomiting
o dehydration
Treatment for pyloric stenosis
o treat underlying cause,
o pyloromyotomy (cutting and spreading of the outer layer of thickened pyloric sphincter muscle).
What is pyloric stenosis
condition in which the opening between the stomach and small intestine thickens.
What is acute pancreatitis and causes
- acute inflammation of the pancreas
Causes: gallstones and alcohol intake
Treatment of acute pancreatitis
IV fluids
analgesics
nutritional support.
symptoms of acute pancreatitis
- nausea and vomiting
- pain for several days
What is chronic pancreatitis and causes
persistent inflammation of the pancreas
causes: drinking alcohol and smoking
treatment of chronic pancreatitis
pain control a
management of pancreatic insufficiency.
symptoms of chronic pancreatitis
abdominal pain
pancreatic insufficiency
