Cancer Flashcards
5 Different grades and stages of cancer
- Stage 0 - carcinoma in situ = abnormal cells have been found
- Stage 1- cancer is small and has not spread anywhere else.
- stage 2 - grown but has not spread
- Stage 3 - cancer is larger and may have spread to surrounding tissues
- Stage 4 - cancer has spread from where it started to at least one other organ in the body
benign cancer characteristics
- have smooth, distinct borders
- do not grow into surrounding tissue or organs
- slow growing
Malignant (affect whole body) characteristics
o Cells poorly differentiated
o Infiltrates and destroys surrounding tissues
o Growth rate variable
o Metastasizes via lymphatics/blood
o Generalized effects (anemia, weakness, weight loss)
o Usually cause death unless growth is controlled
things that cause cancer
- chemicals = smoking, alcohol
- ultraviolet, radiation
- bacterial/virsus infection
- hormone inbalance
- immunde system dysfunction
symptoms of cancer
o metabolic changes
o cachexia (fat/muscle loss)
o endocrine effects (hormone abnormalities)
o sores/wounds that don’t heal
o indigestion, hoarseness
o lump in breast
o unusual bleeding.
diagnosis of cancer
o mammogram
o smear
o rectal exam
o colonoscopy
o skin inspection
o biopsy
o tumor markers
what is chemotherapy
drug therapy using ‘cytotoxic’ drugs that affect all rapidly dividing cells in the body.
side effects of chemotherapy
o nausea
o vomiting
o diarrhea
o loss of appetite
o hair loss
o fatigue
What is radiotherpay
o destroys cancer cells with minimal exposure to normal cells
o effective only for tissue in direct path of radiation beam
Side effects of radiotherapy
o redness
o desquamation of irritated skin (loss of upper layer of skin)
o hair loss
o nausea
o vomiting
o fatigue
risks for developing breast cancer
o female
o >50
o 1st degree relative with history
o Menopause
o Smoking
o alcohol consumption
o high fat diet
breastcancer screening
o mammogram (low dose x-ray that can pick up small cancers before a lump is formed)
o from age 45 and over every two years.
symptoms of breast cancer
o lumps
o thickened tissue
o changes in nipple.