Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

5 Different grades and stages of cancer

A
  • Stage 0 - carcinoma in situ = abnormal cells have been found
  • Stage 1- cancer is small and has not spread anywhere else.
  • stage 2 - grown but has not spread
  • Stage 3 - cancer is larger and may have spread to surrounding tissues
  • Stage 4 - cancer has spread from where it started to at least one other organ in the body
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2
Q

benign cancer characteristics

A
  • have smooth, distinct borders
  • do not grow into surrounding tissue or organs
  • slow growing
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3
Q

Malignant (affect whole body) characteristics

A

o Cells poorly differentiated
o Infiltrates and destroys surrounding tissues
o Growth rate variable
o Metastasizes via lymphatics/blood
o Generalized effects (anemia, weakness, weight loss)
o Usually cause death unless growth is controlled

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4
Q

things that cause cancer

A
  • chemicals = smoking, alcohol
  • ultraviolet, radiation
  • bacterial/virsus infection
  • hormone inbalance
  • immunde system dysfunction
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5
Q

symptoms of cancer

A

o metabolic changes
o cachexia (fat/muscle loss)
o endocrine effects (hormone abnormalities)
o sores/wounds that don’t heal
o indigestion, hoarseness
o lump in breast
o unusual bleeding.

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6
Q

diagnosis of cancer

A

o mammogram
o smear
o rectal exam
o colonoscopy
o skin inspection
o biopsy
o tumor markers

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7
Q

what is chemotherapy

A

drug therapy using ‘cytotoxic’ drugs that affect all rapidly dividing cells in the body.

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8
Q

side effects of chemotherapy

A

o nausea
o vomiting
o diarrhea
o loss of appetite
o hair loss
o fatigue

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9
Q

What is radiotherpay

A

o destroys cancer cells with minimal exposure to normal cells
o effective only for tissue in direct path of radiation beam

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10
Q

Side effects of radiotherapy

A

o redness
o desquamation of irritated skin (loss of upper layer of skin)
o hair loss
o nausea
o vomiting
o fatigue

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11
Q

risks for developing breast cancer

A

o female
o >50
o 1st degree relative with history
o Menopause
o Smoking
o alcohol consumption
o high fat diet

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12
Q

breastcancer screening

A

o mammogram (low dose x-ray that can pick up small cancers before a lump is formed)
o from age 45 and over every two years.

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13
Q

symptoms of breast cancer

A

o lumps
o thickened tissue
o changes in nipple.

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