Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

STATE EXAM > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood flow order throughout the heart:

A
  1. Vena Cavae
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Pulmonary trunk
  5. Pulmonary blood vessels
  6. Pulmonary veins
  7. Left atrium
  8. Left ventricle
  9. Aorta
  10. Systemic blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Congestive Heart Failure:

A
  • chronic condition in which the heart doesn’t pump enough blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Risk factors that cause congestive heart failure

A

o poor diet
o lack of exercise
- family history
o hypertension
o recreational drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is left sided heart failure

A

Left ventricle primarily affected. Causes fluid to build up in the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

left sided heart failure signs and symptoms

A

D - dyspnea
R - ales (crackles)
O - orthopnea (sob when laying down)
W - weakness
N - —–
I - increase HR
N - nagging cough
G - gaining weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is right sided heart failure

A

Right ventricle primarily affected. Can follow L) sided failure. Causes fluid to back up in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Right sided heart failure signs and symptoms

A

S - swelling of legs and hands
W - weight gain
E - edema
L - large neck veins
L - lethargy
I - irregular hr
N - nocturia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale

A

o Right sided heart failure resulting from COPD.
o Hypoxia to part of lung causing vasoconstriction to corresponding blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to diagnose Cor Pulmonale

A

o B type Natriuretic Peptide (biomarker released by ventricles when there is excessive pressure)
o X-ray (ventricles would be hypertrophied – enlarged, duller lung color, stretched spidery veins).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment for Cor Pulmonale

A

o lifelong management,
o improve signs/symptoms
o correct underlying cause
o be aware of weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

5 types of heart failure medications with discription and example

A

o Ace Inhibitors:
prevents the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which lowers blood pressure (Enalapril, Captopril, Quinapril – vasodilation).

o Beta Blockers:
block the sympathetic function of the heart by blocking Beta 1 receptor in the pacemaker of the heart which decreases heart rate and therefore blood pressure (metoprolol).

o Diuretics:
help get rid of sodium and therefore water, increase production of urine. By getting = reduces strain on heart and blood vessels, lowers blood pressure (frusemide, bumetanide)

o Digoxin:
positive inotropic causing the heart to beat stronger and also negative chronotropic causing the heart to beat slower.

o Anticoagulants: blood thinners (warfarin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

Obstruction of arteries by narrowing or occlusion (results in ischemia of the limbs).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

o Smoking
o Diabetes
o Hypertension
o family history
o obesity
o elevated serum cholesterol (high LDL, low HDL).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis

A

o intermittent claudication (cramping pain in legs induced by exercise)
o pale/cold peripheries
o tingling
o arterial ulcers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diagnosis of atherosclerosis

A

o segmental pressures (varying at different points on different legs)
o vasculature ultrasound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment for Atherosclerosis

A

o surgical removal of plaques (peripheral endarterectomy)
o angioplasty
o bypass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Medication treatment fir atherosclerosis

A

o Statins: blocks production of cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis (Atorvastatin).
o Ace inhibitors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A
  • heart attack due to blockage of blood flow to the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Risks for developing myocardial infarction

A

o increased BP/cholesterol/triglyceride levels
o diabetes
o obesity
o smoking
o age
o family history
o lack of exercise

20
Q

Symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

o SOB
o Sweating
o Nausea
o Chest pain
o increased HR.

21
Q

Myocardial infarction diagnosis

A

o ECG: ST elevation can be seen over affected area, T wave inversion.
o Bloods: Cardiac enzyme myoglobin can be a sensitive early marker. Troponin T is found in muscle fibers, most specific for cardiac damage.
o Angiogram: assess damage to arteries, detect narrowing/occlusion.

22
Q

Myocardial infarction treatment

A

 MONA: morphine, oxygen, nitro glyceride, aspirin.
 Angioplasty: stenting/unblocking arteries.
 Coronary artery graft: bypass.

23
Q

Myocardial infarction medication treatment

A

M - morphine = vasodilation
O - oxygen
N - nitro-glycerine (GTN) = vasodilation
A - Aspirin
- Hydration
- keep pt calm

24
Q

What is angina

A

caused by decrease blood flow to heart

25
Q

Things that caused angina

A

o Exertion
o Stress
o Cold
o heavy meals.

26
Q

What is stable angina

A

occasional pain lasting 5-15 minutes,

27
Q

risks for developing Stable angina

A
  • diet
  • smoking
  • atherosclerosis
28
Q

Stable angina treatment

A

o relieved by rest or GTN

29
Q

What is unstable angina

A

Lasting >20 minutes.

30
Q

What causes unstable angina

A

o plaque rupture,
o coronary artery spasm
o thrombosis

31
Q

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

formation of clot within deep vein.

32
Q

Risks which cause DVT

A

o immobilization
o surgery
o travelling
o obstructions
o heart failure
o hypercoagulability

33
Q

Symptoms of DVT

A

o redness
o swelling
o warm
o pale.

34
Q

Treatment of DVT

A

o prevention with TED stockings
o elevate limb
o bed rest
o anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin)
o thrombolytics
o compress.

35
Q

What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

o Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries
o Due to atherosclerosis = Ischemia

36
Q

Symptoms of Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

o Tightness of chest
o Radiating pain from neck, jaw and upper limb
o Shoulder discomfort

37
Q

Risks that cause Coronary artery disease

A

o Smoking
o High cholesterol
o Diabetes
o obesity

38
Q

Treatment of Coronary artery disease

A

o lifestyle changes
o medication
o surgery

39
Q

What is hypertension and symptoms

A

high blood pressure
- Headache
- tachycardia
- chest pain
- sweating

40
Q

What is hypotension and symptoms

A

Low blood pressure
- dizziness
- fatigue
- sweating

41
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A
  • obesity
  • increased age
  • smoking
  • stress
  • inactivity
42
Q

Drug therapy for hypertension

A
  1. Beta blockers
    - metoprolol
    - propranolol
  2. ACE inhibitors = dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow
  3. Diuretics
    - increase urine output = decreased blood pressure
43
Q

Treatment of hypertension

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • quit smoking
  • reduce stress
44
Q

Treatment of heart failure

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • Ace inhibitor
  • Beta-blockers
  • diuretics
45
Q

What conditions lead to myocardial infarction

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Angina (due to ischemia)
  3. MI

STATE EXAM (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions