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STATE EXAM > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood flow order throughout the heart:

A
  1. Vena Cavae
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Pulmonary trunk
  5. Pulmonary blood vessels
  6. Pulmonary veins
  7. Left atrium
  8. Left ventricle
  9. Aorta
  10. Systemic blood vessels
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2
Q

Parts in a cardiovascular assessment

A

o Heart rate, rhythm, BP
o Perfusion, skin color, temperature and capillary refill.
o The current regime of thrombophylaxis
o Notes including oedema, additional anticoagulation (heparin) and issues such as bleeding.

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3
Q

What is hemostasis:

A

mechanism in body to help blood clot.

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4
Q

What is Congestive Heart Failure:

A
  • chronic condition in which the heart doesn’t pump enough blood
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5
Q

Risk factors that cause congestive heart failure

A

o fatty heart valve
o arrythmias,
- family history
o hypertension
o recreational drug use

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6
Q

What is left sided heart failure

A

Left ventricle primarily affected. Causes fluid to build up in the lungs.

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7
Q

left sided heart failure signs and symptoms

A

 Dyspnea (SOB)
 Nocturia (frequent urination at night)
 Increased heart rate
 cough
 Weight gain

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8
Q

What is right sided heart failure

A

Right ventricle primarily affected. Can follow L) sided failure. Causes fluid to back up in the body.

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9
Q

Right sided heart failure signs and symptoms

A

 Peripheral oedema
 Venous hypertension
 Cyanosis (decreased blood flow to periphery)
 Enlarged liver
 Irregular heart rate

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10
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale

A

o Right sided heart failure resulting from COPD.
o Hypoxia to part of lung causing vasoconstriction to corresponding blood vessels.

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11
Q

How to diagnose Cor Pulmonale

A

o B type Natriuretic Peptide (biomarker released by ventricles when there is excessive pressure)
o X-ray (ventricles would be hypertrophied – enlarged, duller lung color, stretched spidery veins).

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12
Q

Treatment for Cor Pulmonale

A

o lifelong management,
o improve signs/symptoms
o correct underlying cause
o be aware of weight gain

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13
Q

5 types of heart failure medications with discription and example

A

o Ace Inhibitors:
prevents the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which lowers blood pressure (Enalapril, Captopril, Quinapril – vasodilation).

o Beta Blockers:
block the sympathetic function of the heart by blocking Beta 1 receptor in the pacemaker of the heart which decreases heart rate and therefore blood pressure (metoprolol).

o Diuretics:
help get rid of sodium and therefore water, increase production of urine. By getting = reduces strain on heart and blood vessels, lowers blood pressure (frusemide, bumetanide)

o Digoxin:
positive inotropic causing the heart to beat stronger and also negative chronotropic causing the heart to beat slower.

o Anticoagulants: blood thinners (warfarin).

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14
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

Obstruction of arteries by narrowing or occlusion (results in ischemia of the limbs).

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15
Q

Risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

o Smoking
o Diabetes
o Hypertension
o family history
o obesity
o elevated serum cholesterol (high LDL, low HDL).

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16
Q

Signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis

A

o intermittent claudication (cramping pain in legs induced by exercise)
o pale/cold peripheries
o tingling
o arterial ulcers.

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17
Q

Diagnosis of atherosclerosis

A

o segmental pressures (varying at different points on different legs)
o vasculature ultrasound.

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18
Q

Treatment for Atherosclerosis

A

o surgical removal of plaques (peripheral endarterectomy)
o angioplasty
o bypass.

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19
Q

Medication treatment fir atherosclerosis

A

o Statins: blocks production of cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis (Atorvastatin).
o Ace inhibitors.

20
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A
  • cell death in cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged occlusion of coronary arteries
21
Q

Risks for developing myocardial infarction

A

o increased BP/cholesterol/triglyceride levels
o diabetes
o obesity
o smoking
o age
o family history
o lack of exercise

22
Q

Symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

o SOB
o Sweating
o Nausea
o Chest pain
o increased HR.

23
Q

Myocardial infarction diagnosis

A

o ECG: ST elevation can be seen over affected area, T wave inversion.
o Bloods: Cardiac enzyme myoglobin can be a sensitive early marker. Troponin T is found in muscle fibers, most specific for cardiac damage.
o Angiogram: assess damage to arteries, detect narrowing/occlusion.

24
Q

Myocardial infarction treatment

A

 MONA: morphine, oxygen, nitro glyceride, aspirin.
 Angioplasty: stenting/unblocking arteries.
 Coronary artery graft: bypass.

25
Q

Myocardial infarction medication treatment

A

M - morphine = vasodilation
O - oxygen
N - nitro-glycerine (GTN) = vasodilation
A - Aspirin
- Hydration
- keep pt calm

26
Q

What is angina

A

caused by decreased O2 to myocardial cells = myocardial nociceptors are activated = angina.

27
Q

Things that caused angina

A

o Exertion
o Stress
o Cold
o heavy meals.

28
Q

What is stable angina

A

occasional pain lasting 5-15 minutes,

29
Q

risks for developing Stable angina

A
  • diet
  • smoking
  • atherosclerosis
30
Q

Stable angina treatment

A

o relieved by rest or GTN

31
Q

What is unstable angina

A

Lasting >20 minutes.

32
Q

What causes unstable angina

A

o plaque rupture,
o coronary artery spasm
o thrombosis

33
Q

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

formation of clot within deep vein.

34
Q

Risks which cause DVT

A

o immobilization
o surgery
o travelling
o obstructions
o heart failure
o hypercoagulability

35
Q

Symptoms of DVT

A

o redness
o swelling
o warm
o pale.

36
Q

Treatment of DVT

A

o prevention with TED stockings
o elevate limb
o bed rest
o anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin)
o thrombolytics
o compress.

37
Q

What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

o Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries
o Due to atherosclerosis = Ischemia

38
Q

Symptoms of Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

o Tightness of chest
o Radiating pain from neck, jaw and upper limb
o Shoulder discomfort

39
Q

Risks that cause Coronary artery disease

A

o Smoking
o High cholesterol
o Diabetes
o obesity

40
Q

Treatment of Coronary artery disease

A

o lifestyle changes
o medication
o surgery

41
Q

What is hypertension and symptoms

A

high blood pressure
- Headache
- tachycardia
- chest pain
- sweating

42
Q

What is hypotension and symptoms

A

Low blood pressure
- dizziness
- fatigue
- sweating

43
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A
  • obesity
  • increased age
  • smoking
  • stress
  • inactivity
44
Q

Drug therapy for hypertension

A
  1. Beta blockers
    - metoprolol
    - propranolol
  2. ACE inhibitors = dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow
  3. Diuretics
    - increase urine output = decreased blood pressure
45
Q

Treatment of hypertension

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • quit smoking
  • reduce stress
46
Q

Treatment of heart failure

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • Ace inhibitor
  • Beta-blockers
  • diuretics

STATE EXAM (24 decks)

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