Respiration Flashcards
Respiration
Series of enzyme controlled reactions that release energy from food
Respiration general formula
Glucose + Oxygen ——> Water + Carbon dioxide + many ATP
ATP and it’s use
Adenosine triphosphate used to transport energy to cellular processes
Alternative use of ATP
Used for phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate(s) to a molecule
How is ATP produced?
The energy released from the breakdown of food used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
Enzyme used for the production of ATP and it’s location
ATP synthase found on the inner membrane in a mitochondrion
3 enzyme controlled stages of respiration
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
2 stages of glycolysis
Energy investment stage and energy pay off stage
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm of a cell
Basic overview of glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
Energy investment stage of glycolysis -
2 ATP will phosphorylate glucose and then the first intermediate molecule to form the second intermediate molecule
Energy pay off stage of glycolysis -
Converts the second intermediate molecule into two private molecules. When this occurs 4 ATP will be produced as well as hydrogen being removed and combing with NAD to form NADH.
How are hydrogens removed from the molecules?
By the use of dehydrogenase enzymes
Fate of this NADH produced in other reactions
Will move to electron transport chain stage
Coenzyme for hydrogen that carries it to electron transport chain stage
NAD
Net gain of ATP during glycolysis
2 ATP
-2+4
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Aerobic is conditions where a supply of oxygen is present and anaerobic is where there is not a supply of oxygen present.
Is oxygen required for glycolysis
No
Glycolysis is an example of a …… reaction
Catabolic - (breakdown of larger molecule and releases energy)
Does the citric acid cycle require aerobic or anaerobic conditions
It requires aerobic conditions
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
Mitochondria consists of ….
An outer membrane, then an inner membrane with the matrix inside of it. This inner membrane folds to form cristae
Process of citric acid cycle
The pyruvate produced from glycolysis is broken down and CO2 is released. The new molecule formed is the acteyl group that combines with coenzyme A (now called acetyl coenzyme A) to be taken to the matrix of the mitochondria.
The acetyl and coenzyme A now split apart , the coenzyme A will go back to combine with the acetyl group.
The acetyl group taken to matrix, and combines with oxaloacetate to from citrate, this citrate is gradually broken down back into oxalocetate. Whilst this breakdown occurs ATP is generated and CO2 is released, furthermore dehydrogenase removes hydrogen ions and high energy electrons, which combine with NAD to form NADH
Electron transport chain occurs at
Series of proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Process of electron transport chain
Hydrogen ions and high energy electrons from previous stages taken by the NAD are now passed onto the electron transport chain.
Within the transport chain the hydrogen ions and electrons now separate. The high energy electrons are transported along the chain and release their energy.
This energy allows the hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The return flow of these ions rotates part of the membrane protein ATP synthase.
ATP synthase will catalyse the synthesis of ATP.
When electrons come to the end of the chain they combine with oxygen - the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen will combine with H ions and electrons forming water
Oxygen role in the electron transport chain
It is the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen electron acceptor equation
Low energy e- +2H+ +O ——> H20
