Respiration

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

Series of enzyme controlled reactions that release energy from food

Question 2

Respiration general formula

Answer 2

Glucose + Oxygen ——> Water + Carbon dioxide + many ATP

Question 3

ATP and it’s use

Answer 3

Adenosine triphosphate used to transport energy to cellular processes

Question 4

Alternative use of ATP

Answer 4

Used for phosphorylation

Question 5

Phosphorylation

Answer 5

The addition of a phosphate(s) to a molecule

Question 6

How is ATP produced?

Answer 6

The energy released from the breakdown of food used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Question 7

Enzyme used for the production of ATP and it’s location

Answer 7

ATP synthase found on the inner membrane in a mitochondrion

Question 8

3 enzyme controlled stages of respiration

Answer 8

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain

Question 9

2 stages of glycolysis

Answer 9

Energy investment stage and energy pay off stage

Question 10

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 10

In the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 11

Basic overview of glycolysis

Answer 11

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

Question 12

Energy investment stage of glycolysis -

Answer 12

2 ATP will phosphorylate glucose and then the first intermediate molecule to form the second intermediate molecule

Question 13

Energy pay off stage of glycolysis -

Answer 13

Converts the second intermediate molecule into two private molecules. When this occurs 4 ATP will be produced as well as hydrogen being removed and combing with NAD to form NADH.

Question 14

How are hydrogens removed from the molecules?

Answer 14

By the use of dehydrogenase enzymes

Question 15

Fate of this NADH produced in other reactions

Answer 15

Will move to electron transport chain stage

Question 16

Coenzyme for hydrogen that carries it to electron transport chain stage

Answer 16

NAD

Question 17

Net gain of ATP during glycolysis

Answer 17

2 ATP

-2+4

Question 18

Aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Answer 18

Aerobic is conditions where a supply of oxygen is present and anaerobic is where there is not a supply of oxygen present.

Question 19

Is oxygen required for glycolysis

Answer 19

No

Question 20

Glycolysis is an example of a …… reaction

Answer 20

Catabolic - (breakdown of larger molecule and releases energy)

Question 21

Does the citric acid cycle require aerobic or anaerobic conditions

Answer 21

It requires aerobic conditions

Question 22

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 22

In the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 23

Mitochondria consists of ….

Answer 23

An outer membrane, then an inner membrane with the matrix inside of it. This inner membrane folds to form cristae

Question 24

Process of citric acid cycle

Answer 24

The pyruvate produced from glycolysis is broken down and CO2 is released. The new molecule formed is the acteyl group that combines with coenzyme A (now called acetyl coenzyme A) to be taken to the matrix of the mitochondria.
The acetyl and coenzyme A now split apart , the coenzyme A will go back to combine with the acetyl group.
The acetyl group taken to matrix, and combines with oxaloacetate to from citrate, this citrate is gradually broken down back into oxalocetate. Whilst this breakdown occurs ATP is generated and CO2 is released, furthermore dehydrogenase removes hydrogen ions and high energy electrons, which combine with NAD to form NADH

Question 25

Electron transport chain occurs at

Answer 25

Series of proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 26

Process of electron transport chain

Answer 26

Hydrogen ions and high energy electrons from previous stages taken by the NAD are now passed onto the electron transport chain.
Within the transport chain the hydrogen ions and electrons now separate. The high energy electrons are transported along the chain and release their energy.
This energy allows the hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The return flow of these ions rotates part of the membrane protein ATP synthase.
ATP synthase will catalyse the synthesis of ATP.
When electrons come to the end of the chain they combine with oxygen - the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen will combine with H ions and electrons forming water

Question 27

Oxygen role in the electron transport chain

Answer 27

It is the final electron acceptor.

Question 28

Oxygen electron acceptor equation

Answer 28

Low energy e- +2H+ +O ——> H20