Avoiding adverse conditions

Question 1

How can adverse conditions be avoided

Answer 1

By migration

Question 2

Migration

Answer 2

The seasonal movement from one area to another.

Question 3

What does migration allow

Answer 3

It allows organisms to avoid metabolic diversity by relocating to a more suitable environment.

Question 4

Positives and negatives of migration

Answer 4

Negatives - massive expenditure of energy in the short term.

Positives - energy expenditure pays off in the long run.

Question 5

Organisms that migrate :

Answer 5

Swallows, whales, geese etc.

Question 6

Migration triggers include

Answer 6

Day length, temperature and hormonal changes

Question 7

2 types of influences on migratory behaviour

Answer 7

Innate behaviour and learned behaviour

Question 8

Innate behaviour

Answer 8

Inherited and inflexible behaviours
Plays a primary role in migratory behaviour.
Performed in same way by every member of species
Occurs in response to external stimulus

Question 9

Learned behaviour

Answer 9

Begins after birth and gained by experience.
Flexible and a result of trial and error and relearning from members of a social group.
Plays a secondary role in migratory behaviour

Question 10

Tracking migration

Answer 10

Specialised techniques that have been developed to study migration

Question 11

Techniques to track migration:

Answer 11

Satellite techniques, leg rings, tagging and use of transmitters

Question 12

Individual marking (Ringing)

Answer 12

Ringing - uses a metal band with the birds unique number and the investigators contact details, can provide useful info if the bird is recaptured and the information is reported

Question 13

Individual marking (tagging)

Answer 13

Tag attached to the underside of a wing carries a code which is entered into a database, if the tag is recovered later, the route and distance can be discovered

Question 14

Tracking using transmitters

Answer 14

Lightweight transmitters are glued to the animals body or implanted under its skin, the transmitter will emit a signal picked up by satellites, signal is beamed back to ground stations in Earth.

Question 15

Tracking using satellite transmitters positives and negatives

Answer 15

It is excellent for tracking migratory routes used by birds and mammals.
It is expensive however, and may cause drag on some small birds.

Question 16

Tracking using radio transmitters positives and negatives

Answer 16

Transmitters can be attacked to both large animals and small animals.
If placed in invertebrate shell can become problematic when they shed also requires a tracking signal