resp path

Question 1

name some resp defence mechanisms

Answer 1

mucus
muco cillary elevator
defensins
alveolar macrophages
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
complement and circulating factors

Question 2

what are beta defensins

Answer 2

proteins that puncture pathogen cell membranes found in inflammatory cells and epithelia

Question 3

what might cause centrilobular emphysema

Answer 3

smoking

Question 4

what might cause panacinar emphysema

Answer 4

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

Question 5

name some interstitial lung diseases

Answer 5

sarcoidosis
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Question 6

what type of tumour is a mesenchyoma

Answer 6

benign

Question 7

what lung cancer may cause paraneoplastic effects?

Answer 7

small cell undifferentiated

may produces ADH, ADTH and demyelination

Question 8

name some NSCLCs

Answer 8

squamous
adenocarcinoma
bronchoalveolar
(intrapulmonary dissemination)

Question 9

what is a typical carcinoid tumour

Answer 9

less aggressive, usually not smoking related

Question 10

what does erlotinib do and geftinib

Answer 10

blocks epidermal growth factors in cancer cells

not all cancers are susceptible
fewer side effects

Question 11

what are the features of mesothelioma

Answer 11

asbestos related

fibrous pleural plaques

Question 12

what does kartageners syndrome do

Answer 12

compromises mucociliary clearance

Question 13

what do bacteria have to do to cause pneumonia

Answer 13

colonise the lung
adhere to resp cells
evade the immune system
express virulence factors

Question 14

what does complement do

Answer 14

attracts PMNs and macrophages

opsonises bacteria

Question 15

what are the features of acute inflammation

Answer 15

exudation
vasodilation
oedema

Question 16

what are the features of chronic inflammation

Answer 16

granulation tissue
macrophages
fibrosis
repair and remodelling

Question 17

what is the pathophys of pneumonia

Answer 17

alveolar inflammation
protein rich exudate
polymorphs, lymphocytes and macrophages
lobar or bronchopneumonia

Question 18

what are the features of bronchopneumonia

Answer 18

patchy consolidation
centred on bronchioles
extremes of age
often secondary to pre existing disease 
often bilateral

Question 19

how might you classify pneumonia

Answer 19

clinical circumstances (1y or 2y)
aetilogical agent (bacteria, fungi, viral, other)
host reaction (suppurative or fibrinous)
anatomical pattern  (broncho or lobular)

Question 20

what might you see in post primary TB

Answer 20

apical bilateral lesions

Question 21

what would you see in millary tb

Answer 21

many small granulomas

Question 22

what would hyperresonance on percussion indicate

Answer 22

pneumothorax
bullae
pnuemothorax

Question 23

what would dullness indicate

Answer 23

collapse, consolidation or fibrosis

Question 24

what does cortisol do

Answer 24

increases blood sugar

named hydrocortisone when used as a medication
also suppresses the immune system