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MD3001 > foetal development > Flashcards

foetal development Flashcards

1
Q

how many umbilical arteries are there

A

2

branch of the internal iliac arteries

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2
Q

what do the umbilical arteries form

A

medial umbilical ligament

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3
Q

what does the umbilical vein form

A

ligamentum teres

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4
Q

how does blood bypass the liver

A

ductus venosus

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5
Q

what causes constriction of the DA

A

smooth muscle constriction due to increase O2
decreased levels of prostaglandins
prostaglandin receptors decrease

anatomical closure due to thickening of the tunica intima

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6
Q

what are the two layers in the bilaminer disc

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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7
Q

where does the heart tube form

A

mesoderm from angiogenetic clusters at the cephalic end of the trilaminar disc

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8
Q

when does heart development and cephalo caudal folding start

A

day 18

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9
Q

at what end is the truncus arteriosus

A

cephalic

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10
Q

at what end is the sinus venosus

A

caudal

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11
Q

what way does the heart normally fold

A

towards the right, which pushes the apex left

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12
Q

what does the venous end receive

A

blood from the cardinal, umbilical and vitelline veins

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13
Q

what are endocardial cushion cells derived from

A

neural crest cells

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14
Q

what do the endocardial cushions form

A

interatrial septum
membranous part of interventricular septum
AV valves
PT and aorta from truncus arteriosus

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15
Q

in which septum does the foramen ovale form

A

septum secundum

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16
Q

what is the smooth part of the atrium derived from

A

sinus venosus

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17
Q

what is the aorta derived from

A

truncus arteriosus

18
Q

what are the maxillary arteries derived from

A

1st pharyngeal arch

19
Q

what forms the common carotid arteries

A

3rd arch

20
Q

what forms the aortic arch

A

left 4th arch

21
Q

what forms the right subclavian

A

right 4th arch

22
Q

what forms the pulmonary trunk and DA

A

left 6th arch

23
Q

what would you hear with a PDA

A

continuous machinery murmur

24
Q

what does the first pharyngeal groove form

A

external auditory meatus

25
Q

what forms where a pouch and groove meet

A

a membrane

26
Q

what does the first membrane form

A

the tympanic membrane

27
Q

how many pharyngeal arches are there

A

6

28
Q

what does each arch consist of

A

cartilaginous element, artery and cranial nerve

29
Q

what does the septum transversum form

A

the central tendon of diaphragm and mesentery

30
Q

what does the respiratory diverticulum form

A

the lung buds

31
Q

what is the tracheooesophageal septum

A

separates the trachea and oesophagus

32
Q

what can be a result of oesophageal atresia

A

polyhydramnios

33
Q

what do the pericardio peritoneal canals form

A

the pleural cavities

34
Q

what are the 4 stages of lung development

A

pseudoganglia
cacanalicular
terminal saccular
alveolar

35
Q

what happens in the pseudoganglia stage

A

formation as far as terminal bronchioles

36
Q

what happens in canalicular stage

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts form

increasing vascularisation

37
Q

what happens in the terminal saccular stage

A

alveoli form

type 2 pneumocytes form

38
Q

when is the alveolar period

A

28 weeks until childhood

increase in the number of alveoli

39
Q

when is foetal survival usually possible

A

28 weeks with sufficient surfactant and weighing at least one kg

risk of respiratory distress syndrome

40
Q

name some possible birth defects associated with the lungs

A

pulmonary agenesis or hypoplasia

41
Q

what are the origins of the diaphragm

A

septum transversum
pleuroperitoneal membranes
mesentery of the oesophagus (forms crura)
ingrowth of the body wall

42
Q

name the types of diaphragmatic hernia

A

posterolateral, anterior and central

MD3001 (33 decks)

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