cardiovascular disease Flashcards
what might you see on an ecg with angina
ST depression
due to sub endocardial ischaemia
what two mechanisms control coronary flow
autoregulation / myogenic
metabolic regulation
what is coronary flow reserve
maximum vasodilation - autoregulated flow
what determines myocardial oxygen consumption
tension contractility HR basal activity mass of tissue
what 4 types of drug are used in angina
B blockers
nitrates
ca channel blockers
Ikf channel inhibitors
what events increase the likelihood of mi
time of day inflammatory activity infection high BP catecholamines (adrenaline)
what preventative drugs would you give someone after a stemi
b blockers
ace inhibitors
statins
what are common complications of stemis
arrhythmia heart failure rupture mitral valve insufficiency VSD mural thrombus and embolism LV dilation recurrent MI
how would you treat a nstemi
antiplatelet
b blockers and nitrates
statin
ace inhibitors
describe age related vascular changes
fibrosis
accumulation of ground substances
fragmentation of elastic lamina
what are the 3 components of atheroma
lipid deposition
inflammation
fibrosis
also: neovascularisation, smooth muscle, macrophages, lymphocytes, collagen
necrotic core: cell debris, cholesterol crystals, foam cells, debris
where are atherosclerotic aneurysms usually found
abdominal aorta, distal to renal arteries
saccular or fusiform, may contain thrombi. often palpable or abdom bruits
where are the origins of dissecting aneurysms found
aortic valve
what is the most common cause of death in a dissecting aneurysm
dissection outward into the peritoneal, pleural or pericardial cavities
what might be the result of a berry aneurysm
sub arachnoid haemorrhage
what is a capillary microaneurysm
small aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. may lead to intra cerebral haemorrhage
where are syphilitic microaneurysm normally found
thoracic aorta
what is a mycotic aneurysm
wall of artery is weakened often in the brain
what is giant cell arteritis
granulomatous inflammation of arteries, usually temporal, vertebral and opthalmic
what is takaysu arteritis
pulseless disease- (intermittent claudication of UL arteries)
what is polyarteritis nodosa
arteries of abdo organs
fibrinoid necrosis
what is kawasakis disease
very young children
fever , eye and mouth lesions
what are the type of vascular tumours (benign)
angioma haemangioma juvenile capillary cavernous lymphangioma
what are some types of malignant tumours
angiosarcoma
kaposis sarcoma
angioproliferative tumour
what causes dysrhythmia
changes to heart cells
changes in conduction of the impulse
what are the 4 classes of arrhythmias
atrial/ SV
junctional (AVN)
ventricular
tachy/brady cardia
what are the 4 types of arrhythmia event
heart block
ectopic
delayed after depolarisation
circus re entry
what does a delayed after depolarisation cause
atrial or ventricular tachycardias
what usually causes heart block
ischaemia
usually affects AVN, slows or blocks impulses
describe the features of a first degree heart block
conduction is slowed
abnormally long PR interval
every p wave is passed to QRS
normal PR interval is 0.12- 0.2