Lower respiratory tract infections Flashcards
what causes common colds
Rhinoviruses coronaviruses coxasackie virus echovirus parainfluenza virus
what causes laryngitis and tracheitis?
parainfluenza virus
RSI- respiratory syncytial virus
influenza vi.
adenovirus
what are the symptoms of laryngitis and tracheitis?
children- croup, cough
adults- hoarseness, retrosternal pain
what are the stages of whooping cough
catarrhal stage
paroxysmal stage
what causes whooping cough
bordatella pertussis
a gram negative aerobic coccobacillus
what causes acute bronchitis
rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumonia
2y- strep pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
what causes chronic bronchitis
not a pathogen
may be Kartegener syndrome, smoking, CF, SCID etc.
what causes bronchiolitis
(only occurs in children)
RSV, usually
may lead to cell necrosis
how would you test for RSV?
antigen testing, cell culture, PCR
how is pneumonia diagnosed
chest x ray
what causes pneumonia?
viral in children, may be acquired during birth
bacterial in adults usually
what are common pathogens causing pneumonia
influenza measles coronavirus parainfluenza RSV cytomegalovirus adenovirus
strep pneum mycobacterium tb Haem. infl pseudomonas aeruginosa staph aureus and more...
atypical pneumonia-failure to respond to penicillin mycoplasma pneumonia legionella pneumophila chlamydia psittaci chlamydia pneumonia coxiella burnetti
what types of pneumonia are there
lobar
bronchopneumonia (patchy consolidation)
interstitial
necrotising
what are the symptoms of a strep pneumoniae pneumonia
rigors, fever, malaise, tachycardia dry cough productive cough with rusty sputum spiky temperature lobular consolidation
what are the symptoms of measles
fever, runny nose, Koplik’s spots, rash
maybe neuro complications
giant cell pneumonia
what causes measles
paramyxovirus
replicates in LRT
how is measles diagnosed
serology
viral RNA detection
how is measles treated
ribavirin if severe
what antibiotics are used for community acquired pneumonia
amoxicillin
coamoxiclav
doxycycline
clarithromycin
how do you treat hospital acquired pneumonia
ceftriaxone
vancomycin
linezolid
atypical: clarithromycin
what does curb 65 stand for
confusion
blood urea nitrogen
resp rate
bp
over 65 yo
what virus causes flu
orthomyoxovirus
3 types a, b, c
how do genetic differences arise in flu
genetic drift and shift
shift causes pandemics
what antivirals can be used in flu
zanamavir
peramivir
oseltamivir
what are the symptoms of sars
high fever dry cough chills and shivering muscle aches dyspnoea
caused by coronavirus
what can be used to treat sars
ribavirin
corticosteroids
interferons
what is millary tb
acute diffuse dissemination of bacillus
what is post primary tb
onset of symptoms over weeks/ months
malaise, fever, weight loss, mucoid or blood stained sputum
pleural effusion
cavitations and calcifications
describe the features of tb
neither gram pos or neg
obligate anaerobe - found in well ventilated areas of upper lobes of lung
what is the mantoux test
detects latent tb infection
