Lower respiratory tract infections

Question 1

what causes common colds

Answer 1

Rhinoviruses
coronaviruses
coxasackie virus
echovirus
parainfluenza virus

Question 2

what causes laryngitis and tracheitis?

Answer 2

parainfluenza virus
RSI- respiratory syncytial virus
influenza vi.
adenovirus

Question 3

what are the symptoms of laryngitis and tracheitis?

Answer 3

children- croup, cough

adults- hoarseness, retrosternal pain

Question 4

what are the stages of whooping cough

Answer 4

catarrhal stage

paroxysmal stage

Question 5

what causes whooping cough

Answer 5

bordatella pertussis

a gram negative aerobic coccobacillus

Question 6

what causes acute bronchitis

Answer 6

rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumonia

2y- strep pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Question 7

what causes chronic bronchitis

Answer 7

not a pathogen

may be Kartegener syndrome, smoking, CF, SCID etc.

Question 8

what causes bronchiolitis

(only occurs in children)

Answer 8

RSV, usually

may lead to cell necrosis

Question 9

how would you test for RSV?

Answer 9

antigen testing, cell culture, PCR

Question 10

how is pneumonia diagnosed

Answer 10

chest x ray

Question 11

what causes pneumonia?

Answer 11

viral in children, may be acquired during birth

bacterial in adults usually

Question 12

what are common pathogens causing pneumonia

Answer 12

influenza 
measles
coronavirus
parainfluenza
RSV
cytomegalovirus
adenovirus

strep pneum
mycobacterium tb
Haem. infl
pseudomonas aeruginosa
staph aureus
and more...

atypical pneumonia-failure to respond to penicillin
mycoplasma pneumonia
legionella pneumophila
chlamydia psittaci
chlamydia pneumonia
coxiella burnetti

Question 13

what types of pneumonia are there

Answer 13

lobar
bronchopneumonia (patchy consolidation)
interstitial
necrotising

Question 14

what are the symptoms of a strep pneumoniae pneumonia

Answer 14

rigors, fever, malaise, tachycardia
dry cough
productive cough with rusty sputum
spiky temperature
lobular consolidation

Question 15

what are the symptoms of measles

Answer 15

fever, runny nose, Koplik’s spots, rash
maybe neuro complications
giant cell pneumonia

Question 16

what causes measles

Answer 16

paramyxovirus

replicates in LRT

Question 17

how is measles diagnosed

Answer 17

serology

viral RNA detection

Question 18

how is measles treated

Answer 18

ribavirin if severe

Question 19

what antibiotics are used for community acquired pneumonia

Answer 19

amoxicillin
coamoxiclav
doxycycline
clarithromycin

Question 20

how do you treat hospital acquired pneumonia

Answer 20

ceftriaxone
vancomycin
linezolid

atypical: clarithromycin

Question 21

what does curb 65 stand for

Answer 21

confusion
blood urea nitrogen
resp rate
bp

over 65 yo

Question 22

what virus causes flu

Answer 22

orthomyoxovirus

3 types a, b, c

Question 23

how do genetic differences arise in flu

Answer 23

genetic drift and shift

shift causes pandemics

Question 24

what antivirals can be used in flu

Answer 24

zanamavir
peramivir
oseltamivir

Question 25

what are the symptoms of sars

Answer 25

high fever
dry cough 
chills and shivering
muscle aches
dyspnoea

caused by coronavirus

Question 26

what can be used to treat sars

Answer 26

ribavirin
corticosteroids
interferons

Question 27

what is millary tb

Answer 27

acute diffuse dissemination of bacillus

Question 28

what is post primary tb

Answer 28

onset of symptoms over weeks/ months
malaise, fever, weight loss, mucoid or blood stained sputum
pleural effusion
cavitations and calcifications

Question 29

describe the features of tb

Answer 29

neither gram pos or neg

obligate anaerobe - found in well ventilated areas of upper lobes of lung

Question 30

what is the mantoux test

Answer 30

detects latent tb infection