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Psychology > Research Methods section 2 > Flashcards

Research Methods section 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 7 ethical issues

A

1)Right to withdraw
2)Debrief
3)Protection from harm
4)Confidentiality
5)privacy
6)Informed consent
7) Deception

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2
Q

what arew ethical issues

A

Conflicts between what the researcher wants and the rights of the participant

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3
Q

How do you know if a study is able to be conducted (in Britain)

A

-Follow BPS code of ethics
-sends proposal to an ethics comitee

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4
Q

Right to withdraw means that..

A

This means participants should be allowed to leave if they feel uncomfortable in any way

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5
Q

informed consent means that..

A

p.p have right to be given information about and purpose of experiment

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6
Q

Confidentiality means that..

A

a p.p has right to have their personal information protected

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7
Q

Protection from harm means that..

A

p.p can not be caused any psychological or physical harm

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8
Q

Privacy means that..

A

P.p have rights to not be observed in non-public places

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9
Q

deception means that..

A

when p.p not told the true aims of the study

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10
Q

how do psychologists deal with right to withdraw

A

Psychologists deal with this by ensuring they give the participants the opportunity to leave the experiment

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11
Q

how do psychologists deal with informed consent

A

by gaining full permission or by gaining presumptive consent (when you ask other people if they would have objected to the study), prior general consent or retrospective consent

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12
Q

Prior general consent

A

Before participants are recruited they are asked whether they are prepared to take part in research where they might be deceived about the true purpose.

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13
Q

Retrospective consent

A

Once the true nature of the research has been revealed, participants should be given the right to withdraw their data if they are not happy.

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14
Q

how do psychologists deal with confidentiality

A

no names should be used when psychologists are recording results

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15
Q

how do psychologists deal with protection from harm

A

psychologists should cause no harm but if this is necessary then the ethics committee should have approves of this beforehand. The study should also stop if this is caused

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16
Q

how do psychologists deal with privacy

A

Psychologists are only allowed to observe people in a public place

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17
Q

how do psychologists deal with deception

A

by giving a full debrief and should be fully approved by the ethics committee

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18
Q

what is the problem with dealing with the right to withdraw

A

If your participants leave, you have no results

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19
Q

what is the problem with dealing with informed consentv

A

Demand characteristics
Assuming the person you asked feels the same way the participant would (presumptive)

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20
Q

what is the problem with dealing with Confidentiality

A

people may still be able to work out names from sample description

e.g many professors use their own students

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21
Q

what is the problem with dealing with protection dfrom harm

A

-ethics committee may be incorrect
-Damage has been done anyway e.g Zimbardo

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22
Q

what is the problem with dealing with privacy

A

Public place may be confused
e.g public may be considered public place

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23
Q

what is the problem with dealing with deception

A

p.p may be upset. would not have taken part in study.
ethics committee may be wrong

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24
Q

How is an informed consent form written (frame)

A

-Dear potential participant ………
-As part of this investigation, Participants will be required to …
-The following considerations have been made to ensure the research is ethical ……(at least 3 described)
-Please complete the following if you agree ……. I agree to take part
sign ………….. Date ……………

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25
Q

How are Standardised instructtions written (frame)

A

-Thank you for agreeing to take part in thi study
-Please do the following ……
-The following ethical procedures have been put into place .. (at least 3)
-Thank you again
-Please let me know if you have any questions

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26
Q

How are Standardised instructions written (frame)

A

-Thank you for agreeing to take part in thi study
-Please do the following ……
-The following ethical procedures have been put into place .. (at least 3)
-Thank you again
-Please let me know if you have any questions

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27
Q

How is a Debrief written (frame)

A

-Thank you for taking part in the study
-The aim of the study was….
-We are predicting that …..
-In terms of ethics …. (least 3 issues)
-Thank you again
-Please let me know if you have any questions

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28
Q

what is an aim

A

a general statemen of what the researcher wants to investigate

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29
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

A statement of prediction
-It must be clear with how each variable is being tested

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30
Q

Operationalisation

A

-A good hypothesis must be written in a testable specific form
-You need to make it clear exactly how you are changing your IV
-You need to make it clear how you are measuring your DV
-This is operationalization

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31
Q

Directional experimental hypothesis template

A

Participants who [insert condition A] will [insert DV] than participants who [condition B]

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32
Q

Non-directional experimental hypothesis template

A

There will be a difference in [insert DV] between participants who [condition A] and participants who [condition B]

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33
Q

when do we use a directional hypothesis

what type of test s this

A

-If there is previous published research, then we do a Directional hypotesis (newspaper article doesn’t count)

-One tailed test

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34
Q

when do we use a directional hypothesis

what type of test is this

A

-If there is previous published research, then we do a Directional hypothesis (newspaper article doesn’t count)

-One tailed test

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35
Q

Directional Correlation hypothesis template

A

AS [insert covariable A] increases, [insert covariable B] increases/decreases. This will be a positive/negative correlation

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36
Q

Non-Directional Correlation hypothesis template

A

There will be a correlation between [insert covariable A] and [insert covariable B]

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37
Q

Description of Random sampling

A

-Every member of the target population has an eq1ual chance of being selected for the sample. e.g: picking names out of a hat, using RNG

38
Q

Description of Stratified Sampling

A

This sample is a proportional representation (by calculating percentages) of the target population. The target population is broken down into sub groups (stratas) such as gender or age . You then gain a random sample from those groups

39
Q

Description of Opportunity sampling

A

THe sampler selects participants from whoever is available at the time. E.g: whoever happens to be in your class when you want to gather data

40
Q

Description of Volunteer sampling

A

P.p put themselves forward to be put into the sample. e.g: Milgram asked for volunteers through a newspaper Advertisement

41
Q

Description of systematic sampling method

A

Workout the amount of people there are in your target population .
Place them in a list. selects every nth person from your sample

42
Q

Strength and weaknesses of Random sampling

A

+ easy
+ unbiased research
- may not be representative

43
Q

Strength and weaknesses of Stratified

A

+ representative
+ Unbiased?
- Takes time
-percentages may be difficult

44
Q

Strength and weaknesses of opportunity

A

+ easy
-biased
-not representative
-similar people

45
Q

Strength and weaknesses of volunteer

A

+all population sees advert
-similar type of people

46
Q

Strength and weaknesses of systematic sampling

A

+ easy
+low risk of contaminating data
-not always representative

47
Q

what are research designs

A

refers to how you will organise participants into groups A and B

48
Q

what are the 3 types of research designs

A
  • independant groups
    -matched pairs
    -repeated measures
49
Q

what is the independent groups design

A

different p.p are used in each of conditions.
One group does one condition, other groups does the other

50
Q

what is the matched pairs design

A

uses two separate groups of people who are matched on a one-to-one basis on important variables, such as age or sex. This controls for some indiv. differences which might affect the study

51
Q

what is repeated measuers design

A

The same group of people is used in ach condition. They do one after the other. This controls for all individual differences

52
Q

what is repeated measures design

A

The same group of people is used in each condition. They do one after the other. This controls for all individual differences

53
Q

advantages of independent group designs

A

no p.p are lost between two conditions
-can be used when repeated measures is inappropriate
-No problems with order effects

54
Q

Disadvantages of independant groups design

A

-indiv. differences
-need more p.p

55
Q

Advantages of repeated measures design

A

-controls for all individuals
-requires fewer p.p

56
Q

disadvantages of repeated measures design

A

-cant be used when one condition affects responses in the other
-people likely to guess purposes of the study =?demand characteristics
-Problems of order effects - can be helped via counterbalancing

57
Q

what is counterbalancing

A

, the participant sample is divided in half, with one half completing the two conditions in one order and the other half completing the conditions in the reverse order.

58
Q

advantages of matched pairs design

A

-controls some indiv. diff
-can be used when repeated measures in inappropriate

59
Q

disadvantages of matched pairs designs

A

-difficult to match p.p in pairs, need large amount of people to choose from
-need more p.p than repeated measures design

60
Q

investigator effects

A

when a researcher unintentionally, intentionally, unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting. possibly through non-verbal communication, physical characteristics, or bias in interpretation o results

61
Q

Extraneous variables

A

a general term for any variable, other than the IV that may effect the results

62
Q

Confounding variables

A

any variable (that is difficult to control because it changes with the experimental set up) that is not the IV that has caused a change in the DV

63
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues that reveal the purpose of the investigation

64
Q

how to control against demand characteristics

A

use a singe blind

65
Q

how to control against investigator effects

A

Double blind (experimenter or p.p don’t know aim of study)

66
Q

how to improve control of experiments

A

-randomisation
-standardisation
-checking with a pilot study

67
Q

validity

A

the extent to which the study measured what it intended to

68
Q

reliability

A

consistency of results

69
Q

Internal (validity/reliability)

A

inside/at time of study

70
Q

External (validity/reliability)

A

outside of the study

e.g ecological, temporal, population validity

71
Q

how to assess reliability of experiments

A

same result

72
Q

how to assess reliability of observation

A

-repeat. see if u get same result
-inter-rater reliability (correlation)

73
Q

how to assess reliability of self-reports (questionaires)

A

Internal - split half technique (split questionnaire in half, see if scores are similar)

External - test, retest method (compare answers to questionnaire proven to be reliable)

74
Q

How to improve the reliability of Experiments

A

-standardised instructions
-all conditions the same

75
Q

How to improve the reliability of observations

A

-ensure quality of BCS
-train observers

76
Q

How to improve the reliability of Sef-reports

A

-Internal - all questions about same thing
-external - keep the same

77
Q

How to improve the validity of an experiment

A

Internal - remove extraneous variables

external - wider sample
-repeat
-more realistic

78
Q

How to improve the validity of observation

A

Internal - improve behaviour checklist
-train observers
-double blind

External
- wider sample
-repeat
-more realistic

79
Q

How to improve the validity of self-report

A

Internal = questions

80
Q

How to assess the validity of experiments

A

Internal - assess extraneous variables

External- sample ? realism? time period?
Bias, temporal, ecological

81
Q

How to assess the validity of Observations

internal + external

A

Internal - behaviour checklist
-observer bias

External -sample ? realism? time period?
Bias, temporal, ecological

82
Q

How to assess the validity of self-report (more commonly used in )

A

Internal -Face validity: does its measuring what it says it is
If more people agree = face validity
If it is logical = face validity

External -Concurrent validity: extent to what the same result is found from a different study or a test on the same topic (not just q’s)

83
Q

concurrent validity assess procedure

A

1)Complete new study/measure
2) Get result for new study/measure
3)Find exiting established study /measure on same topic, get results
4)Compare results
5) If similar, then new study has concurrent validity

84
Q

procedure of split in half technique for questionairres

A

1)split Q in half,
2) add up scores on first half,
3) Add scores to second half
4) If scores are similar, you have internal reliability

85
Q

procedure of split in half technique for questionnaires

A

1)split Q in half,
2) add up scores on first half,
3) Add scores to second half
4) If scores are similar, you have internal reliability

86
Q

IS crying a social behaviour

A

NO

87
Q

IS smiling a social behaviour

A

yes

88
Q

IS being aggressive a social behaviour

A

no (it’s antisocial)

89
Q

What is operationalisation

A

Making variables specific + measurable.
Includes making the way you changing the IV clear

And the way you measure your DV clear

90
Q

What is face validity

A

Appears to measure what it is supposed to measure

91
Q

What is counterbalancing

A

Counterbalancing isa technique used to deal with order effects when using a repeated measures design. With counterbalancing, the participant sample is divided in half, with one half completing the two conditions in one order and the other half completing the conditions in the reverse order.

92
Q

Prior general consent

A

Before participants are recruited they are asked whether they are prepared to take part in research where they might be deceived about the true purpose.

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