Dealing with Offending behaviors: forensics Flashcards
4v ways of dealing with offending behaviours
Custodial sentencing
Behaviour modification in custody
Anger management
Restorative justice
Custodial sentencing
A punishment decided by a court whereby the person spends time in ‘custody’.
E.g: Prison, Young Offenders institute, Psychiatric Hospital
Prison is designed to….
(custodial sentencing)
deter individuals from committing crime again.
Two levels of Deterrence
name
General: Aimed to send the message to society that crime is not tolerated.
Individual: Prevents the individuals repeating same offences.
Incapacitation
offender is taken out of society to prevent them reoffending to protect the public.
Retribution
A way for society to gain revenge, based off the biblical notion of an ‘eye for an eye’. The offender is somewhat paying for their actions.
Rehabilitation
Prison should provide opportunities for offenders to
-develop skills
- engage with training
-access treatment which will help the prisoner adjust to life on the outside.
Recidivism
Reoffending, a tendency to relapse a previous condition or mode of behaviour.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CUSTODIAL SENTENCING
1.Stress and Depression. Suicide + self-harm much higher in prison
2.Institutionalism - no longer able to function on outside as so used to routine
3.Prisonisation- develop ‘inmate code’, unacceptable behaviour rewarded and encouragement
Yukhnenko et al, 2019 Research
UK (45%) and USA (60%) have highest recidivism rates (Yukhnenko et al, 2019)
Norway (20%) has lowest in Europe as focuses on rehabilitation
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION is based off _____ approach
Behaviourist
behaviourist principles of behaviour modification
if human behaviour is learned, it can be unlearned by applying same principles that brought it about in the first place
Behaviour modification programmes are designed with the aim of…
reinforcing obedient behaviours in offenders, while punishing disobedience
in a token economy, the
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT =
PUNISHMENT =
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT = REWARD (TOKEN)
PUNISHMENT = REWARD BEING TAKEN AWAY (TOKEN)
WITHIN THE BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION SYSTEM THE TOKEN ACTS AS .
why
SECONDARY REINFORCERS
they derive their value from their association with a reward
REWARDS MAY INCLUDE:
(from tokens in token economies)
PHONE CALL TO A LOVED ONE
TIME IN GYM OR EXERCISE YARD
EXTRA CIGARETTES OR FOOD
DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY
STEP 1
STEP 1: OPERATIONALISE TARGET BEHAVIOURS
TARGET BEHAVIOUR MUST BE OPERATIONALISED BY BREAKING IT DOWN INTO COMPONENT PARTS.
DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY
STEP 2
STEP 2: SCORING SYSTEM
PRISONERS AND STAFF MADE AWARE OF A SCORING SYSTEM AND HOW MUCH EACH PARTICULAR BEHAVIOUR IS WORTH. BEHAVIOURS SHOULD BE PLACED IN A HIERARCHY WHERE SOME BEHAVIOURS ARE ‘WORTH’ MORE THAN OTHERS.
DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY
STEP 3
STEP 3: TRAIN STAFF
AIM OF TRAINING IS TO STANDARDISE PROCEDURES, SO ALL PRISON STAFF ARE REWARDING THE SAME BEHAVIOURS IN SAME WAY.
ANGER MANAGEMENT
A therapeutic programme that involves identifying the signs that trigger anger, as well as learning techniques to calm down and deal with the situation in a positive way.
Novaco (1975) suggests that cognitive factors ..
ANGER MANAGEMENT
..trigger the emotional arousal which generally precedes aggressive acts.
CBT- Anger management programmes.
Recognises cognitive factors which trigger anger and loss of control.
Indiv is then encouraged to develop techniques that bring conflict resolution without the need for violence.
Stage 1 of anger management
Cognitive preparation
-Offender reflects on past experiences.
-Identified situations which trigger anger.
- Therapist to make it clear to the offender when the reaction is irrational.
cognitive, psychological, behavioural
techniques to help deal with anger provoking situations more effectively.
Anger management
-Examples:
Cognitive
– positive self talk to encourage calmness.
Behavioural
– Assertiveness training to help communication more effectively.
-Physiological
– Relaxation training or meditation.
Stage 2 of anger management
Skills acquisition
-Offender introduced to cognitive, behavioural or physiological techniques to help deal with anger provoking situations more effectively.
Stage 3 of anger management
+ examples
Stage 3 - Application practice
-Offenders are given the opportunity to practice their skills in a controlled environment.
-Example = role play between offender and therapist.
-If the offender deals successfully with the role they are given positive reinforcement by the therapist.
Restorative Justice:
A method that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with survivors.
2 people Focuses of restorative justice
1.The survivor of the crime and their recovery
2.The offender and their recovery/rehabilitation process.
8 key points of restorative justice
where
how
who
consequences
focus on outcomes
-Trained mediator supervises the meeting.
-Non-courtroom setting where offenders voluntarily meet with survivors.
-Can be face-to-face meeting or conducted remotely via video link.
-The survivor is given the opportunity to confront the offender and explain how the crime affected them.
-Allows the offender to comprehend the consequences of their actions, including the emotional distress caused.
-Important that there is an active rather than passive involvement of all parties in the process wherever possible.
-Focuses on positive outcomes for both survivor and offender.
-Other people may have a role In the process, for example, neighbours, friends and family of the survivor.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE COUNCIL
AN INDEPENDENT BODY WHOSE ROLE IS TO ESTABLISH CLEAR STANDARDS FOR THE USE OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AND TO SUPPORT SURVIVORS AND SPECIALIST PROFESSIONAL IN THE FIELD.
variations of restorative justice
Financial restitution, representing psychological or actual damage done (e.g: break in)
Offender repair damage themselves
John Braithwaite (2004) quote on restorative justice
‘crime hurts, justice should heal’
healing + empowerment
