Paper 1 AS mock Flashcards
What is reciprocity
Like a conversation, infant and caregiver take turns to perform an action which produces a response from the other
What is interactional synchrony
Action at same time, mirror each other, same action
E.g : smiling
Outline Meltzoff and Moore study (3mrk)
Aim: reciprocity? Sample: 18 babies Proc: 4 stimuli, observed, videod Found: baby's copied Conc: baby's age 12-27 days do reciprocate
Outline Evans + Porter study (3kp)
- aim: link between attachment quality to reciprocity and interactional synchrony
- sample: 101 infant from American suburb
- proc: observe interaction 6, 9 and 12 mth ,12 month= strange situation
- found: secure = most interaction
Evaluation of research into caregiver infant interaction
M M
(+) recorded
(-) difficult to interpret babies
E P
(+) P. A
(-) Biased sample
(+) standardised
Peterson and Peterson procedure
Peterson & Peterson (1959) investigated the duration of short-term memory by conducting a laboratory experiment with a sample of 24 psychology students.
The students had to recall meaningless three-letter trigrams (for example, THG, XWV) at different intervals (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds). To prevent rehearsal (practice) the students had to count backwards in threes or fours from a specific number, until they were asked to recall the letters.
Peterson & Peterson found that the longer the interval the less accurate the recall. At 3 seconds, around 80% of the trigrams were correctly recalled, whereas at 18 seconds only 10% were correctly recalled.
Peterson & Peterson concluded that short-term memory has a limited duration of approximately 18 seconds. Furthermore, the results show that if we are unable to rehearse information, it will not be passed to long-term memory, providing further support for the multi-store model and the idea of discrete components.
cognitive interview Kohnken
The effectiveness of the cognitive interview can be shown in comparison to the standard interview by looking at the amount of correct information recalled. Kohnken et al (1999) found in a meta-analyses of 55 studies that the cognitive interview consistently provided more correct information than a standard interview. On average there was an 41% increase in accurate recall, showing that the technique is effective
Bahrick procedure + findings
(1975)
-studied 392 American participants aged 17-74
-obtained yearbooks from p.p or school
-recall tested via photo recognition or by name
Found: p.p tested within 14 years of graduating 90% accurate
-after 48 years, photo recognition declined to 70.5%
Free call overall less accurate
3 eval points for peterson and peterson
(+) standardised materials
(-) artificial materials
(-) Bias sample, only 24
2 Eval of Bahrick procedure
(+) ecologic validity, yearbooks
(-) not very well controlled. E.g results of p.p may be influenced by extraneous variables such as relationships made.
What did Kebbel + Wagstaff (1997) find on the cognitive interview
Difficult to implement practically
-rapport with witnesses is important
So requires special training
Decreases usefulness
3 eval points of cognitive interview
(+) kohnken meta analysis, increase in 41% accurate recall
(-) research refuting. Kohnken increase in innacuraye info recalled by participants
(-) Wagstaff and Kebbel, CI requires special training
What 4 behaviours do Insecure avoident type have
-indifferent
4 parts of cognitive interview
+ explain
1) report everything- even irrelevant or unconfident details. May be important, may trigger other important memories
2) Reinstate context, return to crime scene ‘in mind’, remembering environment and emotions. Linked to context dependant forgetting
3) reverse order, Events recalled in different order. Prevents people reporting their expectation, prevents dishonesty
4) change perspective, recall from someone else’s perspective. Disrupts effects of expectations and schema on recall
